1) Seedling Production. Seed propagation is commonly used for initial planting when no cuttings or large-scale planting is involved. Due to the small seed size, transplanting is usually necessary. In the southern regions of the country, seeds are generally sown after harvest in early autumn. Seedlings typically emerge within 7 days and become ready for transplanting in about 10 days. In Beijing, plants are cultivated in open fields, while on protected land, they are grown from early spring for 3–4 months before being transplanted after the last frost. Since the seeds are small, the sowing area must be thoroughly prepared. The seeding rate is 0.5 g/m², and fine sand is often mixed with the seeds to ensure even distribution. If seed availability is sufficient, direct sowing can also be used, but it should be avoided if damage is likely. Under favorable conditions, seedlings reach an age of 20–30 days before transplanting.
2) Vegetative Propagation. This method can be adapted based on local climate conditions. It is typically carried out during warmer seasons. Some plants have rhizomes that are easy to propagate and survive well.
3) Cutting Propagation. Softwood cuttings are ideal for open field propagation during spring and summer, while greenhouses allow for year-round cutting. Cuttings should be taken from strong, healthy shoots, approximately 6–10 cm long, with one or two leaves removed at the base. For large-scale production, seedlings are preferred for cutting. The spacing between cuttings should be 5–10 cm, with a 5 cm gap between them. The depth should be about one-third of the cutting length, and the medium should be sand or perlite. Shallow pots or wooden boxes can be used for low-level propagation. After planting, shading, moisture retention, and temperature control are essential for successful rooting. Seedlings usually take 15–20 days to establish. Alternatively, cuttings can be planted directly into the field.
4) Soil Preparation, Fertilization, and Weeding. A fertile sandy loam is ideal. The field should be flat, well-drained, and easy to irrigate. Apply 3000–5000 kg of well-rotted organic fertilizer per 667 square meters, mixing it thoroughly with the soil. Create beds that are 1.2–1.5 meters wide and 8–10 meters long, using a flat rake. If direct sowing is used, the bed should be smooth, shallow, and soft.
5) Planting. Beds should be 1.2–1.5 meters wide, with four rows planted at 25–30 cm spacing. In high-temperature areas, where growth periods are longer, lower plant density is preferred, while higher density is suitable for cooler regions. Water the plants immediately after planting.
6) Field Management. Soil ginseng is not tolerant to earthworms. After planting, use a shallow cultivator to remove weeds. Water every 5–7 days, unless it rains. During the rainy season, ensure proper drainage. In protected cultivation during winter, focus on maintaining warmth and minimizing watering. Water only in the morning to help moisture evaporate and reduce disease risk. Apply a diluted liquid fertilizer after harvesting the leafy shoots. Soil ginseng rarely suffers from pests or diseases, making it a natural, pesticide-free crop.
7) Harvesting. Typically, plants can be harvested 30 days after planting when the height exceeds 20 cm. At this stage, the main stem tip, about 10 cm long, can be picked by removing the lower six leaves. New shoots will grow from each leaf axil, so side shoots should be harvested before flowering. When picking, leave 1–2 leaves at the base. Yield varies depending on region, cultivation method, and harvest timing.
Root harvesting for ginseng occurs in late summer or early autumn, depending on the growing season and market demand.
8) Seed Production. If seeds are to be left, they should be planted in thin slices or isolated plots. Once the plant reaches about 25 cm in height, the top shoots can be harvested to encourage seed development. Since the capsules are explosive, timely harvesting is crucial. Seed production is relatively low, with an average yield of 100–300 kg/ha.
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