The lubrication system plays a vital role in the smooth operation of an engine by creating oil films between moving parts such as pistons, piston rings, cylinder liners, piston pins, connecting rod bushings, and bearings. These oil films help reduce friction, clean surfaces, cool components, provide sealing, and protect against corrosion. A properly functioning lubrication system ensures that all critical engine parts are adequately lubricated, which is essential for performance and longevity.
When the lubrication system fails, it can lead to several common issues. The most frequent problems include low oil pressure, high oil pressure, and excessively high oil temperature. Each of these issues can cause significant damage if not addressed promptly.
Low oil pressure is one of the most common and dangerous faults. It can lead to accelerated wear of moving parts or even catastrophic failure, such as a seized crankshaft. This problem often occurs due to insufficient oil supply or severe leakage in the main oil line. Common causes include a worn-out oil pump, low oil viscosity (often due to using poor-quality or outdated oil), excessive clearance in bearings, a clogged oil filter, or a faulty pressure regulator valve. Additionally, a blocked oil collector filter, oil leakage from the centrifugal oil filter, or an insufficient oil level can also contribute to low oil pressure.
On the other hand, high oil pressure can also be problematic. It may result from excessive oil being pushed into the main oil passage or blockages downstream. High pressure increases the load on the oil pump, leading to faster wear and potential oil starvation in certain areas. To diagnose this, check for inorganic deposits on high and long valve rocker arms, as they are more likely to indicate blockage. Other causes of high pressure include overly viscous oil, a faulty pressure relief valve, or a stuck safety valve that allows unfiltered oil into the system. An improperly adjusted return spring can also cause excessive pressure in the main gallery.
High oil temperature is another critical issue. Normally, oil temperature is 5–10°C lower than coolant temperature. If the oil becomes hotter than the coolant, especially above 100°C, its viscosity drops significantly, making it less effective and prone to oxidation and degradation. Overloading the engine, a clogged oil cooler, improper oil temperature switch settings, or cylinder leaks that allow hot gases into the oil pan can all raise oil temperature. Excessive scale buildup in the cooling system or a leak of coolant into the oil pan can also contribute to overheating.
Maintaining proper oil pressure, temperature, and quality is essential for engine health. Regular maintenance, using the correct oil type, and checking for leaks or blockages can prevent many of these issues and extend the life of the engine.
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