In the production of edible fungi in China, although mushrooms are not the largest in terms of volume, they hold significant economic importance and should be prioritized. The development of high-quality mushroom cultivation is a vital component of the national agricultural strategy, with substantial practical value for producers.
During off-season mushroom cultivation, malformation often occurs due to improper regulation of environmental conditions, which negatively impacts the quality and market value of the product, ultimately reducing production efficiency. Here are some common types of malformations and their prevention strategies:
1. **Small and Thin Cap**: This condition is characterized by thin, undersized caps that lack the typical flavor of fresh mushrooms. It usually occurs when the fruiting bodies have not fully developed, or the base material lacks sufficient nutrients. High temperatures can also contribute. To prevent this, ensure the bags are properly colored before fruiting. If nutrient levels are low, supplement with foliar fertilizers like edible mushroom essence. In summer, cooling methods such as water-cooled air conditioning can help maintain optimal growth conditions.
2. **Lampshade-shaped Cap**: The cap becomes sharp and thin, significantly reducing product quality. The causes are similar to those of small and thin caps, so prevention measures are largely the same.
3. **Wavy Cap**: The edges of the cap develop a wavy pattern, making it thin and brittle. This often happens when there's a large temperature fluctuation or sudden humidity changes, especially if water is directly sprayed on the cap. To avoid this, maintain stable temperature and humidity after the formation of mushroom buds, especially during summer when temperature control is critical.
4. **Misshapen Cover (Twisted or Narrow)**: Caps may appear twisted, narrow, or triangular instead of round. This is typically caused by delayed cutting of the plastic film at the early bud stage, leading to friction or overcrowding of buds. Prevention involves timely membrane cutting and selecting only 1–2 healthy buds per bag to avoid crowding.
5. **Hollow Stipe**: A slender, hollow stem results in a small cap, usually due to low moisture in the base material or insufficient humidity. After each harvest, rehydrate the bags through soaking, and maintain humidity above 85% in the growing area.
6. **Stipe Growing Out of Cracks**: When the base material dries and cracks, the stipe may grow out of the crack, losing its commercial value. Prevent this by ensuring proper moisture levels and avoiding dry conditions that lead to cracking.
7. **Distorted Stipe**: Low humidity, strong light, or frequent changes in light direction can cause stipes to twist. Maintaining stable humidity and consistent, diffused lighting (around 1000 lux) helps prevent this issue.
8. **Candle Mushroom**: This type has no normal cap and resembles a candle. It often occurs when the cap structure is damaged during the bud stage or when carbon dioxide levels are too high. Prevent this by timely membrane cutting, careful handling of buds, and ensuring good ventilation in the growing area.
By understanding and addressing these issues, growers can improve the quality and yield of their mushroom crops, contributing to more sustainable and profitable operations.
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