The lubrication system plays a crucial role in ensuring the smooth and efficient operation of an engine. Its primary function is to create a thin layer of oil between moving parts such as pistons, piston rings, cylinder liners, piston pins, connecting rod bearings, and gears. This oil film enables liquid friction, which significantly reduces mechanical resistance, while also helping to clean, cool, seal, and protect components from corrosion. A well-maintained lubrication system is essential for extending the life of the engine and preventing costly damage.
When the lubrication system fails, it usually manifests in three main ways: low oil pressure, high oil pressure, and excessive oil temperature. Each of these issues can lead to serious engine problems if not addressed promptly.
Low oil pressure is one of the most common and dangerous failures. It can cause accelerated wear on moving parts and, in severe cases, lead to catastrophic failure such as a seized crankshaft or burned bearings. Common causes include a worn-out oil pump that cannot generate sufficient pressure, low oil viscosity due to old or incorrect oil, excessive clearance in bearing bushings, a clogged oil filter, faulty pressure relief valves, or insufficient oil in the sump.
On the other hand, high oil pressure can also be problematic. It often results from an overfilled oil system or blockage in the oil passages. High pressure increases the load on the oil pump and may lead to inadequate lubrication on critical surfaces, causing overheating or mechanical failure. Causes might include excessively thick oil, a stuck pressure relief valve, or a malfunctioning safety valve that allows unfiltered oil to bypass the system.
High oil temperature is another critical issue. Normally, oil temperature is 5–10°C lower than coolant temperature. If oil becomes too hot—especially above 100°C—it loses viscosity and is more prone to oxidation and degradation. Factors contributing to high oil temperature include engine overload, a clogged oil cooler, improper positioning of the oil temperature control switch, cylinder leaks allowing hot gases into the oil pan, or buildup of scale in the cooling system. Additionally, excessive oil consumption or contamination can also lead to higher-than-normal oil temperatures.
Regular maintenance, using the correct type of oil, and monitoring oil pressure and temperature are essential practices to ensure the lubrication system functions properly and protects the engine from damage.
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