Orchard-based basal fertilizer refers to the application of slow- or semi-delayed organic fertilizers to late-maturing fruit trees after harvest, often combined with some readily available nutrients. According to surveys, in northern regions, many fruit growers do not apply base fertilizer before or after harvesting due to objective constraints or traditional practices. As a result, the timing for applying basal fertilizer is often delayed from autumn into the following spring, during budding and flowering. However, the author believes that applying basal fertilizer in the fall remains highly beneficial.
Benefits of Fall Fertilization
1. It supports the decomposition of organic matter: In autumn, just before and after fruit harvesting, temperatures—both air and soil—are still relatively high, which creates an ideal environment for microbial activity. This accelerates the breakdown of organic material in the soil, releasing essential nutrients for the fruit trees.
2. It aids in root recovery: Autumn is the third growth peak for fruit tree roots. During this time, root development and the production of fine roots are at their highest. Any damage caused by fertilizer application, such as root wounds, heals more quickly, reducing the risk of pathogen entry and improving the tree’s disease resistance.
3. It enhances nutrient absorption and storage: After applying basal fertilizer in the fall, the gradual decomposition of organic matter along with the addition of nutrients helps replenish the soil with essential elements. This compensates for the nutrients consumed by the tree due to heavy fruiting and promotes recovery of tree vitality. It also helps the tree store enough nutrients to survive the winter, improving cold tolerance. Additionally, it lays the foundation for next year's flower differentiation, blooming, fruiting, and the growth of new shoots, leading to higher fruit set and reduced flower and fruit drop.
Research shows that between late September and early October, about 60.7% of nitrogen is transported to the roots, while most of the remaining nitrogen goes to buds, the base of leaves, and developing leaf buds. Autumn fertilization also increases the levels of amino acids in new shoots, which is better than what is seen in spring. Long-term studies on apple trees have shown that applying basal fertilizer in the fall improves germination quality, fruit set, and overall fruit quality.
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