Straw feed is the stem and leaves left after the crop is harvested. Its crude fiber content is as high as 30-50%, protein is 2-8%, crude ash is more than 6%, and the content of other vitamins except vitamin D is extremely low, which is a kind of large volume, poor palatability, low nutritional value, Digestive rate is not high roughage. However, straw feed has a wide range of sources, many types, large quantities, and low prices. It contains more than half of the energy accumulated by plant photosynthetic materials. As a non-competitive feed resource, it can be processed and adjusted to improve its digestive energy. The intake, which is used to feed livestock and poultry, especially for ruminants such as cattle and sheep, can still be a good source of feed. The author made a brief introduction on how to properly process and modulate the straw feed: 1. The physical treatment straw feed, after being processed by mechanical and other physical factors, can change its physical properties, reduce waste, and increase the feed intake of livestock. (1) Cut short All straw feeds should be shortened before feeding. This will not only reduce the energy consumption of livestock when chewing, but also be easy to use with other feeds. The degree of crop straw chopping should be determined by the species and age of the livestock. Generally the cow is 3-4 cm, horses, quail and donkeys are 2-3 cm, sheep is 1.5-2.5 cm, and young and sick animals should be shorter. some. (2) Grinding green grass Spread wheat straw or other straw feed on the scene, about 30-40 cm thick. Spread a layer of green fodder with higher nutritional value and more liking for livestock (with alfalfa and other legumes). For better), then a layer of 30-40 cm thick straw feed is added to the green fodder and pressed with stone grind. This method not only improves the palatability and nutritional value of straw feed, but also reduces the time and nutrient loss of green feed modulation into hay. (3) Pulping The straw feed should be cut into small pieces 2 to 3 cm long. Add 5 kg of lime powder for every 100 kg. Add water to mix and boil, and then add 6-7 kg of boiled water for 1 hour. Remove and rinse with fresh water. Put it into a 120rpm/min beater and beat it for 80 minutes. This method is suitable for processing and arranging comfrey straw feed. The prepared grass pulp has sweet taste and is easily digested, and is used for feeding finishing pigs. (4) Cooking This method can improve the palatability of straw feed and soften the cellulose. For breeding pigs, fattening cows and low-producing dairy cows, the cooking temperature is 90°C and the time is 1 hour; when feeding dairy cows, a small amount of bean cake and salt should be added and boiled for 30 minutes. In addition, methods such as crushing, soaking, making pellets or block feeds are also suitable for farmers. 2. Biological treatment The biological treatment method uses the cellulase produced by microorganisms to treat the straw feed. This method can improve its palatability and nutritional value. In production, artificial straw fermentation and stacking fermentation are commonly used to prepare and modulate straw feed. The latter is more suitable for farmers to use, the operation steps are as follows: (1) The size of the fermentation tank is determined depending on the scale of production. Generally, a rectangle with a length, width and depth of 2.2 meters, 2.0 meters, and 0.5 meters is dug first. Earth pits, and then use bricks to build the inner wall of the pit, wipe it out with cement, dry and set aside. (2) Purchase of Quxue Fermentation Quotations require less fungus, strong vigor, and beneficial microorganisms, and should be purchased from manufacturers with good production capacity and good reputation. At present, good strains such as Trichoderma 9023, N2-78, EA3-867, and 4030 developed in China can be selected. (3) Preparation of fermentation raw materials The straw feed is cut into small pieces 2-4 cm long or crushed into powder with a fineness of 0.7-1.0 cm, and the same weight of water containing dissolved seeds (usually added 1 per 100 kg of water). 2 kilograms of the seeds, stir well to dissolve them completely; in winter, it is best to use 50°C warm water to mix in the fermentation tank and mix evenly, so that the prepared fermented raw materials can be held in groups, touched and scattered, and between the fingers Water seeps out without dropping. (4) Stacking fermentation The prepared fermentation raw materials are loosely piled in a 30-50 cm thick flat shape in the fermentation tank, and the thermometer is inserted. A layer of straw powder of 3-6 cm thick is sprinkled on top and the sacks should be covered in autumn and winter. Such as insulation, until the thermometer temperature rises to 35-45 °C, flip up and down, and then stacked compaction, sealed with plastic film 1-3 days Serve. (5) Leave fermented leave fermentation If continuous fermentation is to be accumulated, the last processed feed can be left at 5% in summer, 10-15% in spring and autumn, and 20% in winter to be the next type of fermentation for accumulation and fermentation. Subsequent fermentation of several times, and then replace the new song when appropriate. (Note: This method can still use the bacteria in the fermented raw material without the condition of the song seed, but it is not as good as the fermenting effect of the seed in terms of digestibility and palatability.) 3. Chemical treatment The chemical treatment uses alkali, Compounds such as acid are used to treat straw feed. (1) Ammonification The palatability and nutritional value of the prepared straw feeds were significantly improved by this method, especially the crude protein content was increased. Commonly used processing methods include stacking method, pitting ammoniation method, plastic bag ammoniating method, and furnace ammoniating method. Their common technical points are: cutting straw feed into small pieces 2-3 cm long (except stacking methods) ) With a closed plastic film or ammoniated cellar as a container, any nitrogen compound in liquid ammonia, ammonia, urea, and ammonium bicarbonate is used as a nitrogen source, and ammonia, which accounts for 2-3% of air-dried straw feed, is used. The moisture content of the straw reaches 20-30%, and it is treated for 7-14 days under the condition of external temperature of 20-30°C, and 28-56 days when the external temperature is 0-10°C, and the external temperature is 10-20°C. Treatment 14-28 days, 30 °C above treatment 5-7 days, so that straw feed becomes soft and fragrant. (2) Alkalinization Alkalization can effectively increase the nutritional value of straw feed. The processing and modulation methods available to farmers are as follows: (1) Saturated lime solution treatment method: Soak straw with saturated lime solution that is 4 times the weight of straw feed. 1-3 days, until the PH value of the solution drops to 7 can be used directly. (2) Sodium hydroxide solution soaking method: Use a sodium hydroxide solution of which the weight is 8 times that of the straw feed and the concentration is 1.5%, soak the straw for 1 day and rinse it with water until it is neutral. (3) Mixing method of sodium hydroxide and quicklime: spread the uncut straw feed into different layers of 15-20-30 cm thick, each layer is used, all with a concentration of 1.5-2.0%, and each half of the weight. The mixture of sodium hydroxide and lime water is sprayed (80-120 kg mixture per 100 kg of straw feed), and then compacted, and after 7-8 days, when the temperature in the straw pile reaches 35-55°C, the straw becomes light. When green or light brown with a smell of fresh silage, serve.
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