In early spring, potato cultivation typically involves using plastic greenhouses with two layers of film, thick sheds, and mulching techniques. These methods allow for earlier harvests, with potatoes ready for market 10 to 20 days sooner than those grown in open fields. This early advantage helps farmers capture higher prices during the off-season.
When selecting improved seed varieties, it's essential to use specific strains such as Dongnong 303 or Kexin No. 4, which are originally sourced from the northeastern region. Farmers must not use self-retained seeds for multiple years, as this can lead to genetic degradation and lower yields. Each mu (approximately 667 square meters) requires about 150 kilograms of seed potatoes. Large tubers can be cut into pieces, each weighing between 20 to 25 grams, with 2 to 3 sprouts per piece to ensure good germination.
Fertilizer application should occur before the plastic film is laid, as it becomes difficult to apply after the film is in place. During plowing, 50 kg of sulfur-containing compound fertilizer (with 15% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) is spread evenly across the field. After soil preparation, farmers should incorporate organic manure, such as livestock or human waste, at a rate of more than 30 tons per mu. Holes should be dug deeper and wider, and a layer of compost should be placed first, followed by a layer of soil to prevent direct contact between the seed potatoes and fertilizers, which could hinder sprouting. Additional fertilizer can be applied between the rows and covered with soil to provide continuous nutrition without further applications needed.
Before covering the field with plastic, chemical weeding should be carried out. A fine spray of 50% acetochlor at a concentration of 75 ml to 100 ml per 48 kg of water should be applied to moist, level soil to enhance weed control effectiveness.
The plastic film should be carefully laid and secured with soil to ensure an airtight seal before the plants emerge. Once the seedlings appear, the film should be removed promptly, and the stems should be covered with soil to help raise the temperature. If using arch-shaped greenhouses, proper ventilation is necessary on sunny days to avoid heat damage to the young plants.
During the flowering stage, chemical regulation can improve plant resilience and yield. Applying 30 ml of uniconazole per 48 kg of water during the initial to full bloom period helps reduce disease risk, prevents excessive stem elongation, and promotes earlier maturity, resulting in a 10% to 15% increase in yield.
Common diseases in potato crops include late blight. As soon as infected plants are spotted, they should be removed immediately. A 25% Rhodiola solution diluted to 800 times is effective for spraying. Common pests include 28-spotted ladybugs and aphids. For ladybugs, 80% dichlorvos diluted to 500 times can be used, while aphids respond well to 10% imidacloprid diluted to 2000 times. Regular monitoring and timely treatment are crucial to maintaining healthy crops.
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