First, preparation before broadcast
1. Correct selection of improved varieties Under the same cultivation conditions, improved varieties can produce 30% to 50% more than normal varieties. Especially in the epidemic years of late blight or in areas where potato degradation is serious, the promotion of disease-resistant varieties can increase yields even more.
1 Select varieties suitable for local conditions. Due to different climatic conditions, the requirements for potato varieties vary from place to place. If the potato is in the second year of the year, the temperature in the summer is high, and the average temperature in the underground 10 cm depth in June to July has exceeded 25°C, and even as high as 30°C or more. This requires fast-growing early-ripening varieties with early potato growth. . If medium-late-maturing varieties are used, potato is still not grown before the onset of high temperatures in summer, which means that it is inhibited by high temperatures and has a great influence on the yield. In the one-year-old area, it is advisable to use medium and late-maturing varieties in order to make full use of the local growth period. However, in July and August, it was rainy and the disease was often epidemic. Disease-resistant varieties must be selected. Therefore, proper selection of fine varieties is of great significance for increasing production.
2 Use anti-degradation (anti-virus) varieties. Degradation of potatoes is widespread, and degradation generally reduces production by 30% to 50%. Therefore, it is very important to use anti-degradation varieties.
3 Select the variety according to the use. The special potato is mainly divided into four types: grain type, vegetable type, processing type, and export type. The variety can be selected according to the purpose. At present, the grain-based varieties planted in Dingxi City are mainly Dabaihua, the main types of vegetable-used varieties are mainly Taiwan red-skin, and the starch-processed and improved varieties are mainly Shushu No.3. The processed varieties of the whole powder are mainly Atlantic, and the processed varieties of the French fries are mainly summer. Porti, the export-oriented breed is mainly Feiwu Rui it and so on.
2. The choice of the rotation method for the yakou potato should be based on the actual situation in the local area. The general principle is: Avoid continuous cropping, bogey and solanaceous crop rotation (often have common diseases, the type of fertilizer is also roughly the same), avoid boiled (that is, in a piece of land every other year once potatoes).
3. To achieve a multi-joint potato and a large joint, a fine soil preparation requires a deep soil layer and loose soil. According to the experiment, deep plowing of 30 to 33 centimeters is more than 20% more than 13 centimeters of plowing. It is about 15% that it is plowing 13 centimeters deeper than plowing 27 centimeters and fully plowing. The depth of ploughing varies with the time of ploughing. “Autumn plowing should be suitable for deep plowing, and spring plowing should be shallow,†because deep plowing in the autumn can play a role in eliminating weeds, receiving rainwater, and curing soil. In addition, shallow plowing has the effect of increasing the temperature and reducing water evaporation; In the drought-stricken area in early spring and in rainy weather, it is one of the important measures for drought-preserving and seedling-preservation.
4. Scientific fertilization Good fertilization techniques can not only maximize the effect of fertilizer, increase yield, but also improve the quality of food and increase starch content. Therefore, reasonable fertilization techniques must be adopted in accordance with the characteristics of potatoes needed for fertilizer. Fertilization should be based on basal fertilizers. Basal fertilizers are commonly used in farmyard manures and mixed fertilizers, combined with autumn deep plowing, followed by earthworms. The amount of basal fertilizer applied per acre should be determined based on soil fertility, fertilizer type and quality, and yield level. According to the relevant research, for every 1,000 kilograms of potato chips produced, it is necessary to absorb 5 kg of pure nitrogen, 2 kg of phosphorus, and 10.6 kg of potassium from the soil. In the case of insufficient basal fertilizer, the seed fertilizer may be applied in combination with sowing by means of ditch application or hole application, and the seed fertilizer is preferably applied to farmyard manure. According to growth conditions during fertility should also be topdressing, mainly with quick-acting fertilizers, commonly used nitrogen fertilizer available ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, urea, etc., phosphate fertilizer is mainly superphosphate, potassium fertilizer is potassium sulfate. It can be applied as appropriate according to the conditions of the local soil fertility. Top dressing should be done in conjunction with cultivating soil.
5. Seed potato selection and cutting 1 use virus-free seed potatoes. Production practice has proved that the use of non-toxic virus-free seedlings generally yields less than 1,500 kilograms per mu, while the use of virus-free seed potatoes generally exceeds 2,200 kilograms, up to a maximum of 3,500 kilograms. The effect of increasing production is significant. Therefore, healthy tubers are selected for a cost-effective increase in production.
2 Select seed potatoes. The young potato pieces with the characteristics of this variety, complete potato chips, no diseases and insect pests, no injury, smooth and bright potato peels should be planted. Strictly eliminated sprue-shaped potato chips, rough aging of potato skin, protruding buds, cracked epidermis and other deformed fragrant potato pieces, because such fries are mostly degraded potatoes.
3 kinds of potato chips. Cutting seeds should be carried out 2 to 3 days before sowing, cutting too early, long time to pile, easy to infect bacteria rot; cut too late, the incision has not yet fully healed, easy to cause bad seeds after sowing. The requirements for dicing are cut into pieces and cannot be cut into pieces. Each piece weighs 25-30 grams. After cutting, spread it in a cool and ventilated place and wait until the incision heals. In order to promote the healing of the incision as soon as possible, to prevent dehydration and rotten species, it is worth advocating and popularizing the method of dressing seeds after planting. In addition, in order to give full play to the advantages of apical buds and prevent the infection of the bacterium with pathogenic bacteria, it is recommended to select whole young potatoes for sowing, which generally increases the yield by 15% to 20% compared with the cuttings. Second, sowing general conditions, determine the appropriate sowing period should be considered from the following aspects.
Firstly, the tuber formation swelling period coincides with the local rainy season. At the same time, the local high temperature period should be avoided to meet the requirements of moisture and temperature. The second is to determine the sowing date according to the arrival of the local frost period sooner or later so as to avoid the hazards of early frost and night frost. Thirdly, the sowing date should be determined according to the growth period of the varieties. The late-maturing varieties should be sown earlier than the mid-late-maturing varieties. The non-germinating seed potatoes should be sown earlier than the germinating seed potatoes. The fourth is intercropping intercropping should be earlier than the single sowing, in order to shorten the symbiotic period and reduce the conflicts with the main planting crops compete for water, fight for fat, glory.
Seeding methods should be based on specific conditions in each place, often using the following two methods: 1. Ditching point method in the well-formed land, with a plough row spacing ditch, ditch depth of 10 to 15 cm, followed by According to the requirements of the plant spacing, the prepared seed potatoes are planted into the ditch, and the seed potatoes are topped with fertilizer (composed organic fertilizer) and then covered with soil. This method is simple and easy to use and has a large area of ​​application in production. 2. Before sowing, first adjust the spacing and row spacing as required, and then use the tractor as the driving force for sowing. Seed potatoes will be whole potatoes. The benefits of this method are fast, labor-saving and labor-saving. Third, the rational close-grained general early-maturing varieties should be dense, medium and late varieties should be thin; thin and dense, fertility should be thin; autumn sowing should be dense, spring sowing should be thin; production of potato should be dense, production of commodity potatoes should be thin. In recent years, with the improvement of cultivation techniques and improvement of management measures in Dingxi City, the planting density has increased, from 2,000 to 3,000 strains per mu in the past to 4,000 to 6,000 strains. At present, large-scale cultivation methods are widely used in large-scale ridge cultivation: large ridge back width 66 cm, small ridge back width 33 cm, plant spacing 20 to 28 cm, staggered species, combined with ridge cultivation Two rows of plants were ridged and earthed to effectively solve the problems of air permeability and cultivator cultivation. Fourth, potato field management 1. Check seedlings immediately after the emergence of seedlings ridge by block inspection, found that lack of seedlings immediately replant. When replanting, the germinated potato can be selected for whole potato sowing. 2. Cultivated soil The deep-medium cultivating high-cultivation soil can remove weeds and loosen the soil, which is conducive to the growth of the root system and the formation of tuber enlargement, avoiding exposure of the tubers to the ground greening and reducing the eating quality. The time, frequency, and method of cultivating the soil in the cultivator must be determined based on the cultivation system, climate, and soil conditions in each place. The time required for sowing of spring potatoes is long, and it is easy to form ground pulls and weeds, so after the emergence of seedlings, we should promptly cultivating and weeding. High-cultivation soil was used before planting ridges in order to facilitate the increase of tuber layers, multiple tubers and large tubers. 3. Timely irrigation requires the least amount of water from the sowing stage to the seedling stage, and normally depends on the moisture in the seed potato to normally emerge; the emergence and budding stage is the key period for potato nutrition production and reproductive growth. The profit and loss of soil moisture has the greatest impact on the yield. Significantly, keeping the soil moist at this time is the key to cultivating the plant's abundance and longevity; buds and blossoms are the prosperous days of the potato, and the water requirement reaches the highest peak. At this time, continuous supply of water can not only reduce soil temperature, but also contribute to tuber formation. Swelling, but also can prevent the formation of secondary tubers. Watering should be avoided by flood irrigation. It is better to implement furrow irrigation or groundwater irrigation. 4. Top-dressing topdressing should be done in combination with cultivator soil or watering before flowering. V. Major diseases and common diseases in controlling potato include late blight, early blight, black stem, ring rot, leaf virus, Y virus and X virus. The prevention and control measures include: selection of virus-free seed potatoes; selection of disease-resistant varieties; timely administration of pesticides according to local disease occurrence; control of aphid transmission virus.
Author: Dingxi City, Gansu Province
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