In order to consistently increase the yield of spring peanuts in dry and infertile areas, the Agriculture Bureau of Shanting District, Zaozhuang City, Shandong Province, implemented a high-yield cultivation technology trial under pure dry farming conditions. This included the development of suitable cultivation systems, drought protection measures, and advanced agricultural techniques. As a result, they established a comprehensive high-yield peanut cultivation system tailored for hilly, dry regions. Over the past few years, this technique has been applied across 6,000 hectares, significantly boosting local peanut production.
First, scientific selection of the planting site is crucial. Peanuts grow underground after flowering, so soil quality plays a major role in their growth. Sandy loam soils that are deep, loose, and fertile are ideal. Crop rotation is also an effective practice to enhance plant health and resilience. It is recommended to rotate crops for at least three years, with a minimum of two years if necessary. In the Lunan region of Shandong, common crop rotations include wheat, corn, vegetables, grains, and potatoes.
Second, proper soil preparation and balanced fertilization are essential. Winter plowing and sowing can help improve soil temperature and structure. Early spring thawing should be done as soon as possible to prepare fine soil. After the surface dries slightly, the soil should be compacted. Fertilization should follow a balanced approach, with a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ratio of 1:1.5:2. For every 667 square meters, applying 4,000–4,500 kg of organic manure, 40 kg of urea, 70 kg of superphosphate, 25 kg of potassium sulfate, and 140 kg of plant ash is typically recommended.
Third, choosing high-quality seeds is key. Improved varieties can boost yields by 10% to 20%. In southern Shandong, varieties such as Fenghua No.1, Huayu No.17, Huayu No.19, and Yuhua No.6 are commonly used due to their early maturity, high yield, large kernels, and strong resistance. Using autumn-harvested seeds is preferable, as they have higher vitality and better germination rates under adverse conditions like low temperatures and rain.
Fourth, seed processing enhances germination. Before shelling, fruits should be dried for 2–3 days. Seeds are then graded, with damaged or broken kernels removed. High-quality seeds are divided into primary and secondary categories for separate sowing. Germination testing is also important; if the germination rate is low, seeds can be germinated on sand beds. Seed dressing with fungicides like 40% methylisothiophos or 40% carbendazim helps protect against pests and diseases.
Fifth, appropriate planting density is vital. The number of plants per unit area depends on soil quality, fertilization level, and variety. Generally, a density of 6,670 to 10,000 plants per 667 square meters is recommended, with variations based on plant height and soil fertility.
Sixth, timely sowing and film covering improve growth conditions. Film increases soil temperature, allowing earlier planting. When the 5 cm soil temperature stabilizes above 15°C and moisture is at 50% of field capacity, planting can begin. In Shandong’s Lunan region, the best time is between April 5th and 15th. Proper sowing techniques, including deep furrows and even application of herbicides like acetochlor, help control weeds and ensure healthy growth.
Seventh, scientific fertilization during different growth stages is essential. During the seedling stage, nitrogen-rich fertilizers promote growth. During the flowering and podding phases, more phosphorus and potassium are needed. Later, foliar sprays of urea help prevent nutrient deficiencies.
Eighth, rational irrigation and drainage are critical. During the sprouting and seedling stages, soil should remain moist. During the flowering period, consistent watering is required, while the podding phase needs careful water management to avoid overwatering, which can lead to lodging and poor air circulation.
Ninth, pest and disease control must follow an integrated approach. Biological, cultural, and chemical methods should be used together. Fungicides like carbendazim and bio-pesticides like Jinggangmycin help manage leaf spot, root rot, and other diseases. Insect pests such as locusts and bollworms are controlled using imidacloprid and green suspension agents. Rodent control involves manual removal and trapping.
Tenth, timely harvesting is crucial. Spring peanuts are usually ready for harvest around 135 days after planting. Harvesting should be done promptly to prevent fruit drop and mold. After harvest, peanuts should be dried to 15% moisture content for safe storage and to reduce the risk of aflatoxin contamination. Film removal during harvest also helps prevent environmental pollution.
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