Dairy cows' full-mix diet feeding technology

Fully mixed diet, also known as TMR, is an abbreviation of English TotalMixedRation. Dairy cows' full-mix rations feeding technology is based on the nutritional needs of the cows in different feeding stages, and the short-cut roughage and concentrate supplements are mixed in a proper proportion using feed mixers (cars) so that the cows can eat each bite. A relatively balanced diet. Advantageous to stabilize the pH of the rumen, reduce the occurrence of digestive and metabolic diseases, increase the intake of cows in the pre-lactation period, alleviate the negative balance of nutrition, increase milk production and quality, and help develop feed resources and reduce feed costs. It is beneficial to simplify feeding procedures, increase labor productivity, and play the best feeding benefits.

First, purchase suitable TMR mixing equipment

In the TMR feeding technology, it is critical to be able to effectively mix the diet; at the same time, the mixing equipment is also the largest part of the investment. It is very important to choose the correct mixer.

1. The choice of TMR mixer volume. The main considerations in the selection are: building structure of the dairy farm, width of the feeding track, height of the cattle house and entrance of the cowshed, size of the herd, dry matter intake of the dairy cow, type of diet (bulk weight), and daily feeding. The number of mixers, such as the number of times and mixer fullness, is the size of the mixer. The TMR has a bulk density of 260 to 280 kg/m3. It is advisable that the stirring load be 60% to 75% of the total volume. It is advisable to use a 7 cubic meter mixing truck for cattle below 600 heads and a 12 cubic meter mixing truck for 1,000 cattle farms.

2. The choice of TMR mixer models. TMR mixers are divided into two types, vertical and horizontal. The advantages of vertical type and horizontal type are obvious: Bales and long grass need no additional processing; high mixing uniformity can ensure enough long fibers to stimulate ruminal rumination and saliva secretion; there is no leftover material in the mixer, and the horizontal machine is difficult to leave Clear, affect the next feeding effect; vertical machine maintenance is convenient, only need to change the blade every year; long service life.

There are fixed, trailing and self-propelled methods according to the way of moving. It should be determined according to the specific conditions such as cowsheds and funds. The narrower cowhouse should use a fixed TMR mixer truck and configure the corresponding secondary vehicles (agricultural vehicles, tricycles, etc.).

Second, cows rational grouping

For dairy cows, large dairy farms should be divided into pre-, mid-, and late-phases according to the lactation stage. Cows with relatively high or very thin milk production in mid-lactating dairy cows should be included in the early lactation herd; small dairy farms can be divided into high-yielding and low-yielding herds based on milk production. Generally, early lactation and high-yield herds are included in the small dairy farms. High-yield herds, with mid- and late-stage cattle classified as low-yielding herds.

For large cattle and dry cows, large cattle farms can be divided into yak herds (weaned to 6 months old), bred herds (7 to 12 months old), young herds (13 months to prenatal), and pre-dry milk Group (stopping milk to 21 days before delivery) and dry milk group (21 days before delivery to calving); small cattle farms can be divided into reserve herds (weaning to prenatal) and dry dairy herds.

Third, dairy cow formula production

Dairy cows have different nutritional needs at different physiological stages and production levels. Scientifically meeting nutritional needs at all stages is the key to raising dairy cows. It is particularly pointed out that since the increase in the intake of dairy cows after calving lags behind the increase in milk production, the pre-lactose diet of dairy cows needs a higher nutrient concentration to compensate for the lack of total nutrient intake due to limited food intake. This stage of dry matter per kilogram of diet should contain more than 2.3 units of energy for dairy cows, crude protein 16% to 18%; per kilogram of dry matter in dairy cow energy units and crude protein content should be about 2.8 and 22%, respectively, per kilogram The dry matter should be about 1.6 and 9% respectively. At this stage, fat feeds should be added to the dietary concentrates, and high-quality roughages should be used as far as possible.

The variety of feed should be diversified, which is conducive to nutritional complementation and will help reduce feed costs. Concentrate supplement material as far as possible the use of powder, without particles, in order to facilitate the full mixing of various feed, adhesion.

Fourth, the water content

The final moisture content of the fully-mixed diet should be between 35% and 55%, which is beneficial to increase the dry matter intake of dairy cows; and in order to ensure good adhesion and fastness of various feeds, about 8% of water should be added. In the face of the fact that the moisture content of silage in China is high, in order not to break through the final moisture content, a certain proportion of hay must be added to the diet. Generally, there should be no less than 4 kg of hay in high-yielding dairy cow diets.

Fifth, feed trough management

Record the daily feed intake per tank, the appetite of the dairy cows, the amount of leftovers, etc. in order to identify the problem in time; ensure that there is 3% to 5% of the remaining feed before each feed and ensure that the feed is kept fresh every day. Also pay attention to the consistency of the whole mixed ration in the chute (before eating and after eating), find problems, and take appropriate measures in time.

Sixth, the application of full-scale mixed ration technology by small farmers without TMR mixer

Dairy cows can be grouped in small dairy farms and mixed by hand to mix and mix the feeds so that each cow can also eat a balanced diet.

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