In aquaculture of sea bream, the selection of ponds plays a crucial role in ensuring successful breeding. Typically, large-scale shrimp ponds or reservoirs with an area exceeding 30 acres are preferred, as they offer convenient water inflow and drainage. The pond depth should be at least 1.5 meters, with steep walls and a firm bottom. If the slope is too gradual, a fence should be installed at a depth of 0.5 meters along the shoreline, and a 10 cm mesh sieve should be placed 30 cm above the water surface. This netting helps prevent sea otters from getting stuck in shallow areas due to wind or water movement. Before releasing the seedlings, it's essential to eliminate wild fish and crabs, which are natural predators of sea lice.
The initial water level is usually set between 10 to 20 cm. Lime (100 kg per mu) or bleach solution (30 ppm) is applied to disinfect the pond. Inlet and outlet pipes should be equipped with 40–60 mesh screens to block wild fish and other predators, adjusting the mesh size as the seedlings grow. Sea bream primarily feed on small zooplankton, so the plankton density directly affects their survival and growth. To boost plankton levels, organic manure such as fermented chicken dung (300 kg per acre) is applied about 10 days before seedling release. Depending on the water quality, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in a 10:1 ratio can also be used. Water quality parameters like temperature, salinity, and pH must be tested before stocking.
Currently, three main methods are used for obtaining seedlings: capturing wild juveniles, semi-artificial cultivation by attaching them to bases, and fully artificial breeding using adult clams or cultivated ones. Seedlings are ready for stocking when they reach 1.5–2 cm in diameter. Transporting sea bream requires careful handling—healthy, lively seedlings with closed central mouths and umbrella diameters over 2 cm are selected. Short-distance transport can use containers without oxygenation, while long-distance transport typically uses oxygenated plastic bags. For seedlings with a 2 cm diameter, the density should be around 600–700 per liter. If transport exceeds 5 hours, cooling and reducing density help maintain survival rates. Light exposure during transport should be minimized.
Stocking density depends on the survival rate of different-sized seedlings. Young seedlings (about 2 cm) are usually stocked at 250–300 per mu. Rotating seedlings in stages is recommended, as sea bream grow quickly and can be harvested within 50 days. The optimal breeding period in our region lasts 110–120 days, making staged rotations an effective way to maximize economic returns. When the outside temperature stabilizes above 20°C, choose calm, sunny days for planting. Seedlings should be released in the morning or evening to avoid direct sunlight. Upon arrival at the pond, the seedlings are first allowed to acclimate in a container for 10–20 minutes before being gently placed into the pond. If no boat is available, seedlings can be carefully placed near the edge, ensuring minimal disturbance.
After stocking, gradually increase the water depth to more than 1.5 meters and maintain water clarity at around 30 cm. Sea bream rely on zooplankton for food, so maintaining high plankton levels is key. Organic fertilizers like fermented chicken manure are applied 2–3 times monthly at 100 kg per mu. Inorganic alternatives like urea and superphosphate can be used if needed. As sea bream grow, especially after one month, water quality becomes more critical. Regular water exchanges (10–20% daily) help maintain healthy conditions. However, avoid changing water in the first 10 days to allow the seedlings to adjust. Monitoring water quality, plankton levels, and sea bream growth is essential, particularly during early morning and late afternoon when they tend to float. During summer, high temperatures and sudden rain can cause rapid changes in water chemistry, leading to lower survival rates. These challenges require continuous study and adaptation for better outcomes.
Melting point 2330 °C(lit.)
density 7.407 g/mL at 20 °C(lit.)
storage temp. Storage temperature: no restrictions.
form nanopowder
color White
Specific Gravity 7.407
Water Solubility insoluble
Gadolinium(III) Oxide CAS No.12064-62-9
Gadolinium oxide Basic information
Product Name: Gadolinium oxide
CAS: 12064-62-9
MF: Gd2O3
MW: 362.5
EINECS: 235-060-9
Mol File: 12064-62-9.mol
Gadolinium oxide Structure
Melting point 2330 °C(lit.)
density 7.407 g/mL at 20 °C(lit.)
storage temp. Storage temperature: no restrictions.
form nanopowder
color White
Specific Gravity 7.407
Water Solubility insoluble
Gadolinium(Iii) Oxide,Gadolinium (Iii) Oxide Msds,Gadolinium Oxide (Gd2O3),Gadolinium Trioxide,Gadolinium Trioxide
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