1. Phosphorus (P): Produces cold brittleness and reduces the impact toughness of steel; however, it can improve the cutting performance of steel.
2. Silicon (Si): It can increase the strength, elasticity, heat resistance, acid resistance and electrical resistivity of steel. Deoxidizers in smelting can increase the overheating and decarburization sensitivity of steel.
3. Manganese (Mm): It can improve the strength, hardness and wear resistance of steel. Deoxidizer and desulfurizer during smelting.
4. Chromium (Cr): It can increase the mechanical properties and wear resistance of steel, and can increase the quenching degree of steel and the deformability after quenching. At the same time, it can increase the hardness, elasticity, magnetic resistance and strength of steel, and increase the corrosion resistance and heat resistance of steel.
5. Nickel (Ni): It can improve the strength, toughness, heat resistance, corrosion resistance, acid resistance and magnetic permeability of steel. Increase the hardenability and hardness of steel.
6. Vanadium (V): Some special mechanical properties that can be imparted to steel: such as increasing tensile strength and yield point, and significantly increasing the high temperature strength of steel.
7. Titanium (Ti): It can prevent and reduce the generation of bubbles in steel, improve the hardness of steel, refine grains, reduce the aging sensitivity of steel, cold brittleness and corrosion.
8. Copper (Cu): Generally, it is a residual harmful element like P and S. The presence of Cu reduces the mechanical properties of the steel and destroys the weldability of the steel, which causes the steel to be hot brittle during processing such as forging. Adding a certain amount of Cu to the steel can increase the annealing hardness of the steel and reduce the cost. If Cu is contained in the range of 0.15 to 0.25%, the corrosion resistance of steel can be improved.
9. Aluminum (Al): (1) 0.5 to 1% of Al in low carbon structural steel contributes to increase the hardness and strength of steel; (2) Al in chromium-molybdenum steel and chrome steel can increase its wear resistance; (3) The presence of Al in high carbon tool steel can cause quenching and brittleness. 10. Tungsten (W): It can improve the creep strength of steel and is a strong promoter of carbide in steel. Every 1% of W can increase the tensile strength and yield point of steel by 4×9.8N/cm2. It has tempering stability and high temperature strength.
11. Molybdenum (Mo): It can increase the strength of steel without reducing the plasticity and toughness of steel. At the same time, it can make steel have sufficient strength at high temperature, which can improve the cold brittleness and wear resistance of steel.
12. Cobalt (Co): It can improve and improve the high temperature performance of steel, increase its red hardness, and improve the oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance of steel.
13. Niobium (Nb): It can refine the grain of steel, reduce the superheat sensitivity and temper brittleness of steel, improve the welding performance of steel, and improve the strength and corrosion resistance of heat-resistant steel.
14. Tan (Ta): Improve the quality and mechanical properties of steel, and improve the melting point, high temperature strength, carbide and γ phase stability of the alloy.
15. Zirconium (Zr): Desulfurization, sulfur and phosphorus in the process of smelting, Zr and Hf can improve the strength and hardness of steel, especially the long-term strength of steel and improve the welding performance of steel.
16. Rare earth (Re): It is a good deoxidizing and desulfurizing agent. It can eliminate or reduce the influence of many harmful elements in steel and improve the quality of steel. The addition of Re to stainless steel can improve the hot workability of steel. The addition of Re to structural steel can improve its plasticity and toughness.
17. Boron (B): "Vitamin" in steel. It can increase the hardenability by multiple times; increase the hardness and tensile strength of steel; improve the welding performance of steel. 0.1 to 4.5% of B is added to the mild steel, which has the function of absorbing neutrons. 18, calcium (Ca): can improve the strength and cutting performance of steel. A purifying agent in the smelting process. (except oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, etc.).
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