In the production process of high-quality boutique melon, the control of pests and diseases is not only to control the pests and diseases, but also to prevent the quality of the quality melon from being affected by the prevention and control of pests and diseases. Therefore, the pest control technology for high-quality boutique melons must be controlled without pollution. The occurrence of diseases is related to many factors such as soil, climate, cultivation and management. Therefore, adopting a single prevention and control measure is not effective, but should be based on agricultural control, starting with the strengthening of cultivation and management, the association with various measures, comprehensive prevention and control . The specific measures are as follows:
(1) Strengthening plant quarantine Plant quarantine is the first link of pest control. Regardless of where the seedlings are introduced, they should pass the quarantine of relevant departments, so that harmful pests and other harmful organisms can be effectively prevented from spreading and spreading along with seedlings in the fields.
(2) Doing a good job in predicting and forecasting The occurrence of various diseases has its own inherent laws and special environmental conditions. Therefore, based on the characteristics of its occurrence and the environment in which it occurs, combined with field-specific surveys and weather forecasts, scientific analysis of pest and disease occurrence trends can be made. The timely adoption of targeted prevention and control measures will prevent or control the pest control before or at the primary stage. Such as high humidity weather, large temperature difference between day and night, leaves have water droplets, cucumber melon susceptible to downy mildew; hot and dry drought prone to spider mites and spider mites, then through pest and disease prediction work, can be a multiplier effect to reduce or avoid the occurrence of pests and diseases.
(3) Comprehensive application of agricultural technology 1 The selection of superior varieties has great differences in resistance, and the selection of superior varieties with strong resistance to stress and pest and disease resistance is an effective way for high quality and yield of American melon.
2 to improve the cultivation of technology and management methods must first clean up the pastoral. The fallen leaves and field weeds of the former crops are often the carriers or potential for pests and diseases. Therefore, the pastoral areas should be cleaned after harvesting or before planting. During the breeding period of melons, we must also clean the pastoral areas in time to destroy or deeply bury diseased plants and diseased leaves. Second, the implementation of rotation is down. Rotation of crop rotation can block the disease epidemic and cut off the life history of pests, which is the main way to reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to implement rotations with non-cucurbitaceae and solanaceous crops for more than five years. Third, improve and fatten the soil. Protected cultivation is an intensive cultivation, requiring the use of a large amount of farmyard fertilizer at one time, combined with deep turning to improve the soil, in order to ripen the soil, fertilize the soil, increase soil buffering properties and permeability. Fourth, adopt new cultivation techniques. Promote the cultivation of sorghum, make the soil thicker, which is conducive to the growth of the root system, but also conducive to raising the soil temperature, the southern sorghum can also solve the problem of the need for drainage due to the high groundwater level; the use of mulching, or even the protection of the entire film cover, can be insulated , Protect your body, reduce air humidity, promote early growth and robust growth of seedlings. Promote drip irrigation, infiltrating irrigation and under-membrane submerged irrigation methods to reduce the humidity and reduce the occurrence of diseases. To regulate the temperature and humidity in the shed, it is necessary to carry out measures to release the top wind or waist wind, avoid the release of the wind, and maintain the cleanliness of the shed film. , conducive to light; shed indoor spraying, as appropriate, with dust and smoke instead of spray to reduce humidity; summer and autumn off-season cultivation, the use of shade nets, awnings, can reduce the light intensity, to meet the needs of foreign growth Timely pruning and maintaining good ventilation and light transmission. Fifth, reasonable dense planting and reasonable planting density are beneficial to the development of individual plants. It is also conducive to the growth of groups. Sixth, promote soilless cultivation. Soilless cultivation not only avoids pests and continuous cropping obstacles caused by soil contamination, but also has the characteristics of reducing the amount of pesticides and increasing yield and quality compared with soil cultivation. Seventh, using grafting technology. Grafting can effectively prevent the occurrence of soil-borne disease (wilted wilt disease).
(4) Scientifically implement physical control and application of various physical factors. Combine the chemotaxis and phototaxis characteristics of insects to eliminate pests and reduce the incidence of diseases. It saves labor and medicine, has low cost, and does not pollute the environment. Methods include:
1 Seed sowing and temperature treatment seed and seedling dry heat treatment seed method, the dried melon seeds placed in 68 ~ 72 °C incubator for 2 to 5 days, you can eliminate the seed poison, reduce the occurrence of viruses, fungi, and bacterial diseases. Soaking in warm soup, soaking in a cool (55°C) soak, can kill germs on the surface of the seed. Low-temperature hardening seedlings, starting from 1 week before planting, start seedlings at a lower temperature, can promote seedlings robust, low temperature resistance, rapid seedling growth, and enhance disease resistance.
2 Using light and seasonal temperature difference disinfection in summer empty season, ploughing the soil layer, covering the surface of the ground or high-tension boring sheds, using sunlight to sterilize at high temperature, killing the soil surface bacteria and eggs, especially for the control of nematodes .
3 to avoid pests and diseases use of locusts to avoid gray characteristics, the use of silver gray film can drive maggots; the use of whitefly and locusts have yellowing, yellow plates can be set up to kill; use insect nets to prevent maggots and other pests fly into, to prevent the occurrence of virus disease .
(5) Scientific use of chemical control measures to prevent and treat diseases and pests in time is the main measure for prevention and control of disease and insect pests in melons. In order to strictly prevent pesticides from contaminating fruits and melons, it is imperative that the scientific wings use highly effective, low-toxic, low-residue pesticides and rational drug use. Commonly used fungal disease prevention agent:
(1) Mancozeb is a broad-spectrum, protective bactericide with low toxicity and can effectively prevent a variety of leaf diseases. Application methods include seed dressing and spraying, which can prevent downy mildew, epidemic disease, anthrax and so on.
(2) Thiophanate is low in toxicity and usually has no residue and no phytotoxicity at the use concentration. Spraying methods can be used to control anthrax, gray mold, sclerotia, powdery mildew and so on. Liquid irrigation, can prevent blight.
(3) Chlorothalonil has low toxicity and long residual period. The spraying method includes spraying, which can prevent damping-off, blight, downy mildew, powdery mildew, anthrax, epidemic, scab, and blight. Powder spraying can prevent and cure the above-mentioned diseases, and the effect of pesticide application in greenhouses and greenhouses is good. Flue-cured, in the greenhouse, plastic shed, began to apply at the beginning of the disease, can control a variety of fungal diseases.
(4) B-aluminum is highly efficient and basically non-toxic to humans and animals. Application methods: spray, can prevent downy mildew, disease. In a single use for a long period of time, pathogens are susceptible to drug resistance. The drug is susceptible to moisture absorption and agglomeration, but it does not affect the efficacy of the drug.
(5) Carbendazim has low toxicity and is effective against many diseases caused by Ascomycetes and Deuteromycete, but not against bacteria and downy mildew. Application method: seed dressing, can prevent seedling disease. Soil treatment can prevent seedling disease and melon wilt disease. Irrigation can prevent blight.
(6) triadimefon low toxicity, low residue, long duration. It has good control of powdery mildew. Application method: spray, can control powdery mildew, cyanosis and so on. Soil treatment, with 15% wettable powder per square meter mixed with the cultivation of soil, and then colonization, can prevent greenhouse, plastic shed powdery mildew, efficacy can last about two months.
(7) Metalaxyl is highly effective and low-toxic. Application methods: spraying, can control downy mildew, epidemic disease, late blight, cotton blight, damping-off and so on. Seed dressing and soil treatment can prevent seedling stage damping-off, downy mildew and diseases. The bacteria are resistant to the drug and should be sprayed alternately with other pesticides, and mixed with the pesticides of the diced pesticides and copper preparations.
(8) Antivirus, a broad-spectrum fungicide, for human and animal safety. Application methods: seed dressing, can prevent shade damping-off, downy mildew and disease. Spray, can prevent downy mildew, epidemic diseases, etc. (9) Agricultural resistance 120 spraying method: Spray, can control powdery mildew, anthrax and so on. Irrigation can prevent blight.
(10) Kelu is also called crosomone, zinc manganese, high efficiency, broad spectrum, and low toxicity. It can effectively control downy mildew.
(11) Fuxing can be absorbed by crops and has protective and therapeutic effects. It is effective, broad-spectrum, and low-toxic, and has good control effect on melon bacterial blight and powdery mildew.
Commonly used to prevent bacterial diseases pharmaceuticals:
Streptomycin for agricultural purposes, has a systemic absorption, both protective and therapeutic effects, low toxicity to humans and livestock, mainly for the prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases. Application methods: spray control of bacterial keratoses.
Commonly used antiviral agents:
Virus A and Phytophthora infestans are commonly used drugs. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed to increase plant resistance.
Commonly used pest control agents:
The trichlorfon is low in toxicity and is mainly used to prevent chewing insects. Application method:
1 poison bait can prevent tigers, earthworms, cockroaches and so on.
2 Irrigation can prevent yellow saccharin and yellow striped larvae and mantle, earthworms, golden needles, cockroaches and so on.
3 spray and dusting, can prevent various chewing mouthpart pests.
4Sprinkle the soil to control the pests such as golden spear bugs and cockroaches.
Note: The use of concentration should not be too large, easy to produce cow damage.
Dichlorvos, moderate toxicity, can prevent various mouthpart pests. Application method:
1 The spray can control various homoptera pests such as grasshoppers and greenhouse whiteflies, and aphids.
2 Fumigation Aphids and greenhouse whiteflies that occur in greenhouses and plastic sheds can be treated with fumigation.
Deltamethrin, moderate toxicity. The spraying method is spraying, which can prevent various lepidoptera pests such as the ground tiger and the aphids of Puma, Huangshougua, Huangjiao, and Eight-star Ladybugs.
(1) Strengthening plant quarantine Plant quarantine is the first link of pest control. Regardless of where the seedlings are introduced, they should pass the quarantine of relevant departments, so that harmful pests and other harmful organisms can be effectively prevented from spreading and spreading along with seedlings in the fields.
(2) Doing a good job in predicting and forecasting The occurrence of various diseases has its own inherent laws and special environmental conditions. Therefore, based on the characteristics of its occurrence and the environment in which it occurs, combined with field-specific surveys and weather forecasts, scientific analysis of pest and disease occurrence trends can be made. The timely adoption of targeted prevention and control measures will prevent or control the pest control before or at the primary stage. Such as high humidity weather, large temperature difference between day and night, leaves have water droplets, cucumber melon susceptible to downy mildew; hot and dry drought prone to spider mites and spider mites, then through pest and disease prediction work, can be a multiplier effect to reduce or avoid the occurrence of pests and diseases.
(3) Comprehensive application of agricultural technology 1 The selection of superior varieties has great differences in resistance, and the selection of superior varieties with strong resistance to stress and pest and disease resistance is an effective way for high quality and yield of American melon.
2 to improve the cultivation of technology and management methods must first clean up the pastoral. The fallen leaves and field weeds of the former crops are often the carriers or potential for pests and diseases. Therefore, the pastoral areas should be cleaned after harvesting or before planting. During the breeding period of melons, we must also clean the pastoral areas in time to destroy or deeply bury diseased plants and diseased leaves. Second, the implementation of rotation is down. Rotation of crop rotation can block the disease epidemic and cut off the life history of pests, which is the main way to reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to implement rotations with non-cucurbitaceae and solanaceous crops for more than five years. Third, improve and fatten the soil. Protected cultivation is an intensive cultivation, requiring the use of a large amount of farmyard fertilizer at one time, combined with deep turning to improve the soil, in order to ripen the soil, fertilize the soil, increase soil buffering properties and permeability. Fourth, adopt new cultivation techniques. Promote the cultivation of sorghum, make the soil thicker, which is conducive to the growth of the root system, but also conducive to raising the soil temperature, the southern sorghum can also solve the problem of the need for drainage due to the high groundwater level; the use of mulching, or even the protection of the entire film cover, can be insulated , Protect your body, reduce air humidity, promote early growth and robust growth of seedlings. Promote drip irrigation, infiltrating irrigation and under-membrane submerged irrigation methods to reduce the humidity and reduce the occurrence of diseases. To regulate the temperature and humidity in the shed, it is necessary to carry out measures to release the top wind or waist wind, avoid the release of the wind, and maintain the cleanliness of the shed film. , conducive to light; shed indoor spraying, as appropriate, with dust and smoke instead of spray to reduce humidity; summer and autumn off-season cultivation, the use of shade nets, awnings, can reduce the light intensity, to meet the needs of foreign growth Timely pruning and maintaining good ventilation and light transmission. Fifth, reasonable dense planting and reasonable planting density are beneficial to the development of individual plants. It is also conducive to the growth of groups. Sixth, promote soilless cultivation. Soilless cultivation not only avoids pests and continuous cropping obstacles caused by soil contamination, but also has the characteristics of reducing the amount of pesticides and increasing yield and quality compared with soil cultivation. Seventh, using grafting technology. Grafting can effectively prevent the occurrence of soil-borne disease (wilted wilt disease).
(4) Scientifically implement physical control and application of various physical factors. Combine the chemotaxis and phototaxis characteristics of insects to eliminate pests and reduce the incidence of diseases. It saves labor and medicine, has low cost, and does not pollute the environment. Methods include:
1 Seed sowing and temperature treatment seed and seedling dry heat treatment seed method, the dried melon seeds placed in 68 ~ 72 °C incubator for 2 to 5 days, you can eliminate the seed poison, reduce the occurrence of viruses, fungi, and bacterial diseases. Soaking in warm soup, soaking in a cool (55°C) soak, can kill germs on the surface of the seed. Low-temperature hardening seedlings, starting from 1 week before planting, start seedlings at a lower temperature, can promote seedlings robust, low temperature resistance, rapid seedling growth, and enhance disease resistance.
2 Using light and seasonal temperature difference disinfection in summer empty season, ploughing the soil layer, covering the surface of the ground or high-tension boring sheds, using sunlight to sterilize at high temperature, killing the soil surface bacteria and eggs, especially for the control of nematodes .
3 to avoid pests and diseases use of locusts to avoid gray characteristics, the use of silver gray film can drive maggots; the use of whitefly and locusts have yellowing, yellow plates can be set up to kill; use insect nets to prevent maggots and other pests fly into, to prevent the occurrence of virus disease .
(5) Scientific use of chemical control measures to prevent and treat diseases and pests in time is the main measure for prevention and control of disease and insect pests in melons. In order to strictly prevent pesticides from contaminating fruits and melons, it is imperative that the scientific wings use highly effective, low-toxic, low-residue pesticides and rational drug use. Commonly used fungal disease prevention agent:
(1) Mancozeb is a broad-spectrum, protective bactericide with low toxicity and can effectively prevent a variety of leaf diseases. Application methods include seed dressing and spraying, which can prevent downy mildew, epidemic disease, anthrax and so on.
(2) Thiophanate is low in toxicity and usually has no residue and no phytotoxicity at the use concentration. Spraying methods can be used to control anthrax, gray mold, sclerotia, powdery mildew and so on. Liquid irrigation, can prevent blight.
(3) Chlorothalonil has low toxicity and long residual period. The spraying method includes spraying, which can prevent damping-off, blight, downy mildew, powdery mildew, anthrax, epidemic, scab, and blight. Powder spraying can prevent and cure the above-mentioned diseases, and the effect of pesticide application in greenhouses and greenhouses is good. Flue-cured, in the greenhouse, plastic shed, began to apply at the beginning of the disease, can control a variety of fungal diseases.
(4) B-aluminum is highly efficient and basically non-toxic to humans and animals. Application methods: spray, can prevent downy mildew, disease. In a single use for a long period of time, pathogens are susceptible to drug resistance. The drug is susceptible to moisture absorption and agglomeration, but it does not affect the efficacy of the drug.
(5) Carbendazim has low toxicity and is effective against many diseases caused by Ascomycetes and Deuteromycete, but not against bacteria and downy mildew. Application method: seed dressing, can prevent seedling disease. Soil treatment can prevent seedling disease and melon wilt disease. Irrigation can prevent blight.
(6) triadimefon low toxicity, low residue, long duration. It has good control of powdery mildew. Application method: spray, can control powdery mildew, cyanosis and so on. Soil treatment, with 15% wettable powder per square meter mixed with the cultivation of soil, and then colonization, can prevent greenhouse, plastic shed powdery mildew, efficacy can last about two months.
(7) Metalaxyl is highly effective and low-toxic. Application methods: spraying, can control downy mildew, epidemic disease, late blight, cotton blight, damping-off and so on. Seed dressing and soil treatment can prevent seedling stage damping-off, downy mildew and diseases. The bacteria are resistant to the drug and should be sprayed alternately with other pesticides, and mixed with the pesticides of the diced pesticides and copper preparations.
(8) Antivirus, a broad-spectrum fungicide, for human and animal safety. Application methods: seed dressing, can prevent shade damping-off, downy mildew and disease. Spray, can prevent downy mildew, epidemic diseases, etc. (9) Agricultural resistance 120 spraying method: Spray, can control powdery mildew, anthrax and so on. Irrigation can prevent blight.
(10) Kelu is also called crosomone, zinc manganese, high efficiency, broad spectrum, and low toxicity. It can effectively control downy mildew.
(11) Fuxing can be absorbed by crops and has protective and therapeutic effects. It is effective, broad-spectrum, and low-toxic, and has good control effect on melon bacterial blight and powdery mildew.
Commonly used to prevent bacterial diseases pharmaceuticals:
Streptomycin for agricultural purposes, has a systemic absorption, both protective and therapeutic effects, low toxicity to humans and livestock, mainly for the prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases. Application methods: spray control of bacterial keratoses.
Commonly used antiviral agents:
Virus A and Phytophthora infestans are commonly used drugs. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed to increase plant resistance.
Commonly used pest control agents:
The trichlorfon is low in toxicity and is mainly used to prevent chewing insects. Application method:
1 poison bait can prevent tigers, earthworms, cockroaches and so on.
2 Irrigation can prevent yellow saccharin and yellow striped larvae and mantle, earthworms, golden needles, cockroaches and so on.
3 spray and dusting, can prevent various chewing mouthpart pests.
4Sprinkle the soil to control the pests such as golden spear bugs and cockroaches.
Note: The use of concentration should not be too large, easy to produce cow damage.
Dichlorvos, moderate toxicity, can prevent various mouthpart pests. Application method:
1 The spray can control various homoptera pests such as grasshoppers and greenhouse whiteflies, and aphids.
2 Fumigation Aphids and greenhouse whiteflies that occur in greenhouses and plastic sheds can be treated with fumigation.
Deltamethrin, moderate toxicity. The spraying method is spraying, which can prevent various lepidoptera pests such as the ground tiger and the aphids of Puma, Huangshougua, Huangjiao, and Eight-star Ladybugs.
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