I. Insufficient calcium in the diet
The main component of the eggshell is calcium carbonate, which accounts for about 94%. The daily intake of calcium during the laying period of laying hens is mainly to meet the needs of laying eggs. A chicken needs about 3 g to 3.5 g of calcium per day, and the over-low and over-high will. Affect egg shell quality. Therefore, in the laying period must choose a higher calcium content of the feed, and supplemental calcium is conducive to the body's absorption. Addition method and time: When the first egg is seen in the flock or 2 weeks before opening (about 18 weeks old), in order to take care of the hens that have been laid, some shell powder may be added to the diet to allow the chicken to open freely. Feed until the chicken production rate reaches 5% and then change to egg production.
Second, the inappropriate content of phosphorus
The absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the body is always synergistic, and the appropriate amount of phosphorus can promote the absorption of calcium. In the brooding and breeding period, when the ratio of calcium to phosphorus is from 1.5 to 2:1, the absorption and utilization of calcium and phosphorus are the highest. The calculation of phosphorus content in production requires the calculation of available phosphorus in the feed. Phosphorus in plant feeds is mostly in the form of Phytate Phosphorus and is not easily decomposed and absorbed. Therefore, inorganic phosphates or animal phosphates must be added to ensure the supply of phosphorus, or phytase is added to promote the decomposition of Phytate Phosphorus to ensure certain blood The phosphorus content of the laying hens results in a ratio of calcium to phosphorus of 5.5:1.
Third, insufficient vitamin D
Vitamin D is a cofactor and promoting factor for calcium absorption, which can increase the level of calcium and phosphorus in plasma and ensure normal bone minerals and other functions of the body. When the calcium concentration in the blood is low, the demand for vitamin D increases. However, vitamin D cannot compensate for the lack of calcium and phosphorus. Therefore, there must be sufficient vitamine content in the feed for laying hens, and this higher content may reduce the importance of calcium and phosphorus ratios. However, as a fat-soluble vitamin, we must pay attention to excessive poisoning.
Fourth, the impact of other mineral elements in feed
The content of iron, magnesium, zinc, manganese, etc. in the feed will affect the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and thus affect the quality of the eggshell. When these mineral elements are high in the body, they will form insoluble phosphates with phosphate ions and affect the absorption of calcium. Therefore, in the supplement of trace elements, the amount can not be too large, while paying attention to the hardness of drinking water can not be too high, calcium supplement feed can not contain more other mineral elements, so as not to produce antagonistic effects in vivo.
V. Age factors
Under normal feeding conditions, the uterine glands of young hens can normally secrete calcium carbonate. However, by the time of old age, the deposition of fat in the body will cause the uterine glands to deposit a certain amount of fat, thereby affecting the secretion function of the glands, making the shell thinner and brittle. Although a large amount of vitamin D is added, there is no significant change in eggshell quality. At the same time, when the individual eggs are large in the late stage of production, the surface area of ​​the eggs will increase, which will cause the calcium supply to be slightly insufficient, and the shells will become relatively thin and brittle.
Sixth, the impact of environmental factors
The influence of environmental factors on the quality of egg shells is greater with temperature, light and ammonia concentration in the house. As the temperature rises, the feed intake of the chicken decreases, the absorption rate of calcium in the intestine decreases, the high temperature causes the chicken to breathe faster, the carbon dioxide increases, the carbonic acid concentration in the blood drops, and the eggshell thins. Therefore, attention should be paid to cooling during the hot season. In addition to ventilation, other measures can be taken to prevent the heatstroke, such as roof whitening, water spray, spray cooling or installation of electric fans are effective. At the same time to properly increase the amount of calcium in the feed. Adding a certain amount of sodium bicarbonate to the diet to increase the concentration of carbonic acid in the blood also contributes to the improvement of eggshell quality. The role of light can make 7? dehydrogenation solid acid in the skin into vitamin D, promote the absorption of calcium and phosphorus. Poultry houses are poorly ventilated and the harmful gases in the houses reach high concentrations. The resulting adverse effects often exceed the effects of low temperatures. Therefore, it is necessary to remove chicken manure in time, strengthen the ventilation of the house, and reduce the content of harmful gases such as ammonia gas and hydrogen sulfide in the house.
Seven, the impact of disease factors
Under normal feeding conditions, soft shell eggs, brown eggs, etc., are often signs of disease. E. coli disease, Newcastle disease, egg production decline syndrome, poultry, transmission, infectious laryngotracheitis, etc. will all cause uterine gland secretion disorders, thus affecting eggshell quality.
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