The conservation cultivation of plum trees is a high-input and high-output industry, and soil types should be strictly selected. However, it is difficult to completely meet the above-mentioned conditions for the selection of the garden. With the rapid development of protected land cultivation, there are more and more cases of planting and constructing sheds on sandy beaches, mountainous areas and light saline-alkali soils. For such site conditions, strict soil improvement must be carried out according to different soil types. It is to increase organic fertilizer and increase soil organic matter content.
First, different soil properties
(A) Limestone foothills, alluvial plains, clay land
1. Characteristics. Soil water conservation and fertility, but the permeability of the poor permeability, root rooting less, the density is small, easy to cause water in the rainy season, long autumn shoots and new shoots in the middle and lower leaves early fall.
2. Improve the focus. Deeper application of organic fertilizer, sand or gravel to improve soil permeability. Drain the ditches before planting for drainage.
(b) Beach area
1. Characteristics. Breathable, nutrient decomposition speed, developed roots. However, the soil is thin, leakage of water is leaking, the supply of fertilizer and water is unstable, and the tree tends to be weak. When a large amount of fertilizer and water is supplied, due to the developed root system and good air permeability, it is prone to cause short-term prosperous growth. And because of the large amount of roots, water and nutrients are depleted quickly, coupled with easy leakage losses. After the rainy season, water and nutrients are easily lacking, often leading to premature leaf fall. In addition, alluvial soils on the plains and sandy beaches are often exposed to the problem of excessively high viscosity and laminar water table.
2. Improve the focus. A large number of organic fertilizers were added and mixed with clay to increase the capacity of maintaining fertilizer and water and supplying fertilizer. Pay attention to breaking the sticky layer, lower the groundwater level, and plant the soil under the trench to bury the grass.
(c) Mild saline land
1. Characteristics. The soil was alkaline and accumulated salt in the root distribution layer during the dry season. In addition, due to high soil pH, often make some elements such as phosphorus, iron, boron, zinc, etc. are fixed in the soil and not easily absorbed by the root system, there is a lack of disease, especially iron deficiency yellow leaf disease.
2. Improve the focus. A large number of organic fertilizers were added to reduce the pH value of the soil; before planting, the grass was buried in trenches to return salt to the partitions; the salt was diluted by diluting the water, and the water level was lowered by digging drainage ditches; attention was paid to the correction of the deficiency of the disease.
(d) Hilly soil
1. Characteristics. The soil has good air permeability, but the soil is dry and barren, the soil and water loss is serious, and the water and fertilizer retention capacity is poor. The tree growth is often delayed due to lack of fertilizer and water, and the leaves are small, yellow and brittle, and the production capacity is poor. (such as zinc deficiency, boron deficiency, etc.).
2. Improve the focus. A large number of organic fertilizers were added to increase the soil fertility level and retain water and fertility. Plant soil and water conservation projects such as terraces, and pay attention to deep-turning soils and thickening soil layers. Pay attention to the correction of deficiency.
Second, the principle of soil improvement
1. Add organic fertilizer. As mentioned above, all kinds of soils have different characteristics. The purpose of cultivation techniques is to achieve similarities and differences, and to make them all approach the soil standard of the high-yield garden. Therefore, the improvement of all types of soil has its own priorities, but the core of the improvement is to increase the stability of soil water, fertilizer, gas, and heat factors. Therefore, organic fertilizers or other organic fillers need to be added to improve soil water conservation. Fertilizer, ability to regulate water vapor. In the process of improvement, we must also pay attention to expanding the range of soil with stability to increase and protect the functional layer of the root system.
2. Keep the surface and middle layers. The absorption roots that are most closely related to the early fruit yield of plum trees are mainly distributed within 40 cm, especially within 20-40 cm. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the surface and middle layers of fertilizing soil. Membrane or grass-covering method can be used to maintain the relative stability of surface soil temperature and humidity, raise the surface roots; use 60 cm deep shallow ditch, buried in the ditch, apply organic fertilizer method to improve the local environment in the ditch, keep good Middle root. While maintaining the surface and middle layers, it is also necessary to break the barrier layer and penetrate the lower layer so that the underlying root system is not jeopardized by suffocation.
3. The main improvement is localization, and gradually realize the improvement of the whole garden. At present, the cultivation of prunus edulis often encounters the topography of hills, and the task of soil improvement is very arduous. According to the survey, 60% to 80% of the orchards in Shandong Province have organic matter content below 0.8%, 50% below 0.5%, and the organic matter content is raised to 1% before planting or within a short period of time. possible. Before planting, in addition to improving some of the limiting factors, such as breaking the adhesive layer, thickening the soil, etc., the limited organic matter should be placed on the part, so that the partial root system is under the best conditions. If a limited amount of organic fertilizer is used evenly in the whole park, it will be difficult to improve the soil and only the whole root system will not grow properly and function. If the fertilizer is too deep and the fertilizer is too far from the root system, it will not be used. It has already been missed. In order to cultivate cultivated plum trees in protected areas, the general practice is to first improve the soil in the planting trenches and gradually improve the whole garden soil.
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