Winter jujube cultivation requires a comprehensive approach to pest and disease management. Preventing and controlling pests is essential for ensuring high-quality fruit. The principle of "prevention first, integrated control" should guide all efforts. This includes utilizing environmental factors that suppress pests, creating unfavorable conditions for their development, and implementing both agricultural and biological methods. Agricultural practices involve selecting disease-resistant seedlings, proper planting techniques, pruning to improve air circulation and light exposure, removing diseased branches, clearing debris, and applying mulch. Fertilization should be scientifically managed to strengthen the trees.
Physical control methods include using traps like sweet and sour liquid, tying grass around tree trunks, and employing light traps to capture pests. Biological control focuses on introducing natural predators such as ladybugs, lacewings, and Trichogramma wasps, as well as using fungi like Beauveria bassiana. Chemical pesticides should only be used as a last resort, with emphasis on low-toxicity and bio-based options. Careful monitoring ensures that chemicals are applied only when necessary, avoiding unnecessary harm to beneficial insects and maintaining ecological balance.
Fruit bagging is another effective method, protecting the fruit from pests and pesticide contamination while improving appearance and coloration.
Timely opening of the jujube tree's bark is crucial for promoting flower development. During the flowering period, the tree typically produces 5–8 flowers, with the first bloom being the most desirable. The incision width should be about 0.5 cm for mature trees and narrower for young ones. A sharp, smooth knife is essential to avoid damaging the tree. After peeling, a 25% monocrotophos solution diluted 100 times can be applied to prevent infestation by nail beetles. This treatment should be repeated every 5–7 days for three applications. The wound should heal within 30 days to ensure healthy growth.
Pruning and thinning fruits after the bark is opened helps reduce nutrient competition and promote better fruit set. In mid to late June, thinning should be done so that each tree bears one or two fruits, depending on its size. This reduces physiological fruit drop and improves fruit uniformity and quality, leading to higher yields.
Foliar fertilization should be applied every 15 days during fruit thinning to enhance tree vigor and fruit development. A mixture of 0.5% urea, 0.3% borax, and 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate is recommended. From late August to early September, applying potassium fertilizer helps accelerate fruit maturity, improve sugar content, and enhance storage qualities. This can be done through foliar sprays of 0.3% potassium sulfate or 4% wood ash leachate, along with root application of 0.1 kg of potassium sulfate per tree.
To prevent pre-harvest fruit drop, spraying 20–30 ppm nitric acid twice six to eight weeks before harvest can significantly reduce losses. Finally, harvesting should be done in batches, ideally when the fruit is half red, to avoid over-ripening and maintain quality for storage and transport. Manual picking is preferred, with careful handling to preserve the stems and prevent damage.
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