1. Cyclamen black root disease
The cyclamen is also called cyclamen rot.
Symptoms: mainly on the roots. The seedlings grow poorly, and the leaves are drawing off. The leaves are withered and drooping. The root disease of the diseased plant rots and disappears, and the main root is blackish brown. Diseased plants are susceptible to soft rot and cause tuber softening and rot.
Pathogen: Thielaviopsisbasicola (Berk.EtBr.)Ferr. Root streptomycetes is a fungus belonging to the subphylum Fungi. Conidiophores were bottle-shaped, with 49.8-139.4 microns in length, 7.4-12.46 microns in width at the base, and 3.7-4.9 microns in width at the top port. Endogenous conidia colorless, cylindrical, size 19.9 ~ 22.44.9 ~ 7.4 microns, chlamydospores on the top or side of the dry mycelium, base 1 to 2 cells are colorless, brown, wall thickness, Cylindrical, apical cell capsules, size 9.9 to 14.97.4 to 9.9 microns. The bacteria in addition to infested cyclamen, also invaded peas, tomatoes, cucumbers, celery, lettuce, soybeans, beans and so on.
Transmission route and onset conditions: The pathogens overwinter in the soil with the diseased body, and the first infestation occurs in the field in the following year. In the field with 111 propagules per gram of soil, conidia and chlamydospore can be seen.
Control methods: reference to cyclamen wilt.
2. Cyclamen gray mold
Cyclamen gray mold is an important disease in greenhouse and greenhouse cultivation.
Symptoms: The petiole, pedicel, and petals are all onset. The upper leaf margins of the diseased leaves exhibit water-drenched markings that gradually spread to the entire leaf, causing the entire leaf to become brown and dry or rot. After the petiole and pedicel were damaged, rots were rotted and botrytis was born. When the humidity is high, each moldy site has a gray mold layer, ie, conidiophore and conidia.
Pathogens: The pathogens are Botrytis cinerea and Botrytis cinerea Per. The conidiophores are clustered, unbranched or branched, erect, with septa, gray-gray to gray, lighter toward tip, and grayish brown when piled. The top clusters conidia. Conidia are ellipsoid or obovate to suborbicular, smooth surface, colorless, light yellow when stacked. Sclerotia black, flat or conical.
The optimum temperature for the development of germs is 20-25°C, the lowest is 4°C, and the highest is 30-32°C. Conidia germinated at 13.7 to 29.5°C, but germination was favored at lower temperatures, and the optimum temperature for conidial and spore germination was 21 to 23°C. The conidia have strong drought resistance, and they still have viability in 138 days under natural conditions.
Routes of transmission: Mature conidia are transmitted by means of air currents, rainwater, irrigation water, greenhouse drip, and agricultural operations. They germinate in low temperature and high humidity conditions and are invaded by host plants, wounds, and necrotic tissues that have been defeated by the host. Direct epidermis incurs disease. The large number of conidia produced in the diseased area during the wet period is the main source of reinfection.
Incidence conditions: warm and moist are the main conditions for the prevalence of gray mold. Appropriate onset conditions are around 20°C and relative humidity above 90%. Generally in the winter and spring in the north, the temperature of the greenhouse cannot be raised, and when the humidity is high, the disease is very serious.
Control methods: 1, control greenhouses and greenhouse temperature and humidity protection cultivation by increasing the temperature, to control the development and infection of pathogens. Generally, the air is released late in the morning to increase the temperature in the greenhouse and the greenhouse to between 31 and 33°C, and the temperature exceeds 33°C. If the temperature is still above 25°C at noon, you can continue to vent the air, but the temperature needs to be maintained at 20-25°C in the afternoon and must be closed when the temperature drops to 20°C so that the night temperature can be maintained between 15-17°C. 2. Strengthen the cultivation and management, apply full-scale fertilizer when horticulture is used to prevent disease and colonization, promote plant development, and increase resilience. Avoid watering in rainy days; discharge water at the end of watering; control watering after onset, and apply watering around the rhizome if necessary. The diseased fruit and diseased leaves were found to be removed in time, and they should not be thrown away at random, and they should be concentrated for high-temperature stacking or deep burial. At the same time, clear the remains in the remnants. Pay attention to the hygiene of gardening operations to prevent transmission of diseases during management. 3, grasp the right time to conduct chemical control of the initial onset of pesticide application, rotation of drugs or mixed medication, in order to delay the occurrence of pathogen resistance. (1) Spraying can be done with 50% Scrokton WP 2000 times; 50% Epstein WP 1500 times; 70% thiophanate WP 1000 times; 65% Benzamidine WP Powder 1500 times; 60% anti-mildew ultra-fine powder 600 times; 45% thiabendazole suspension 4000 times, or 50% narcoline 1500 times. The spray-mixed liquid can be added to 60% antimycotic WP 1500 times 50% acetaminophen WP 2000 times, or 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 1000 times. (2) In enclosed greenhouses and greenhouses, 45% chlorothalonil aerosol or 10% sucrose aerosol may be applied at a rate of 2250 grams per 667 meters; 3% thiabendazole aerosol per 100 m3 50 grams, after being lit in several places in the evening, closed the greenhouse or greenhouse overnight. Plastic greenhouses or greenhouses can also try dust application technology, 5% chlorothalonil composite powder, or 10% extinguishing compound powder, 1 kg for every 667 meters. Dust application with harvest type 5 or harvest type 10 duster, remove the fish tail cover, the amount of dusting was adjusted to 200 g / min, the speed of the handle harvest type 5 to 30 rev / min, bumper harvest 10 type to 50 Turn / min, dusting in the evening, and then close the greenhouse, so that the dust is not affected by the airflow, attached to the body surface. Do not use substitute tools for dusting so as not to reduce the control effect. According to the disease condition, the method of application and the type of the agent are selected, and once every 7 to 10 days, the drug is used once, and the second and third doses are applied.
3. Cyclamen mosaic disease
Diseases that are worldwide are common in China, and almost none of the cultivars of Cyclamen are spared. Virus disease degenerates the cyclamen germplasm, leaves smaller, less shrunken, less flowers and less flowers.
Symptoms: The main damage to the cyclamen leaves, but also infect the corolla and other parts. The leaves are shrunk, rewinded, thickened, and brittle. The leaves are yellow, and the spots are ridged. Purely colored petals have faded stripes, flowers are malformed, flowers are few, flowers are small, and peduncles are sometimes absent. Dwarfing plants, bulbs become smaller and smaller.
Pathogen: cucumber mosaic virus CucumberMosaicVirus. The virus inactivation temperature is 70°C to 80°C; the in vitro survival time is 22°C for 3 days. Route of transmission: The virus is overwintering in diseased bulbs and seeds and becomes the primary source of infection for the following year. The virus is mainly transmitted through juices, cottonseed meal, leafhoppers and seeds.
Control methods: 1. Dry the seeds with a high temperature of 70°C to detoxify them. 2, plant the soil to be disinfected. The incidence of soilless cultivation is low, and there are substances such as vermiculite, perlite, and sand in the cultivation matrix. 3. Control poisoning insects with 40% omethoate EC 1500 times. 4. The tissue culture seedlings with bulbs, leaf tips, and petioles as explants have a low toxicity rate.
4. Cyclamen fuzz
1. From the leaves of the plants near the ground, the leaves turned yellow and withered and gradually spread upwards. The rest were dead except for the top ones. 2. Cut open the tubers and the vascular bundles turn brown. When the humidity is high, the diseased part produces pink mold layer, which is the conidial stem and conidia of the pathogen.
Symptoms: Pathogen: Fusarium oxysporum (Sch1.) is a fungus of the genus Deuteromycotina.
Transmission route: 1. With mycelium or chlamydospore with the diseased body in the soil or attached to the seed for winter, can live rot life.
2. Generally invading parasites from young roots or wounds, entering vascular bundles, clogging catheters, and producing toxic substances fumonisin, which spreads and leaves the diseased plants with yellow leaves and die. 3. Germs spread through water or irrigation water.
Incidence conditions: (1) Soil temperature 28 °C, soil moisture, continuous cropping, rooting when planting or cultivating, and weak plant growth. (2) Acidic soil and nematodes feeding wounds are conducive to the disease. Below 21°C or above 33°C, the condition spreads slowly.
Control methods: 1, the implementation of more than three years of rotation, the application of adequate decomposition of organic fertilizer. 2. In the early stage of onset, spray 50% multi-bacterial wettable powder or 36% thiophanate-methyl suspension 500 times, and use 20% methyl-rhodamine-emulsifiable oil 1000 times or 10% weiweiling agent 300 times. Liquid or 12.5% ​​synergistic carbendazim solvent can be used to irrigate the root 200 times, each plant irrigation good liquid 100 ml every 7 to 10 days 1 continuous irrigation 3 to 4 times.
5. Cyclamen bacterial soft rot
Symptoms: At the beginning of the disease, petiole flowers and pedicels near the surface of the ground become water-stained and turn brownish and soft, causing the whole plant to wilt and die, and bulbs rot and stink. The disease department has white sticky bacteria.
Pathogens: Two species, namely Erwiniacarotovora (Jones) Holl. and E. Aroideae (Tow) Holl. Incidence patterns: Potted plants in the greenhouse can be affected throughout the year, usually from July to August.
Control methods: 1. Used pots are washed with 1% copper sulfate solution. 2, control watering. Try not to damage the plants during the operation.
6. Cyclamen anthracnose
Symptoms: Harm the cyclamen leaves. Round lesions on the leaves. The lesions were light brown or gray-white in the middle and purple brown or dark brown on the edges. Many small black spots are produced in the lesions, ie conidia. Severe damage can make the leaves die.
Pathogen: For the small spotted globules Glomerella rufomaculans Berk. , Ascomycetes, Scleroidia.
Infection route: The pathogenic bacteria are mycelia and spores and they are overwintering in the residual body of the diseased plant. After the temperature increases in the following year, the disease begins to develop. Conidia spread with wind and rain, from July to August is the peak of disease, the ascospore shell occurs in late autumn, but less incidence.
Control methods: 1, cut off and destroy the diseased leaves. 2. In the early stage of onset, spray 50% carbendazim WP 500 times solution or 50% thiophanate WP 500 times, once every 10 days, spray 2 or 3 times.
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