The bean pod borer, scientifically known as *Marubathra testulalis* (Geyer), is also referred to as the bean pod moth, legume pod borer, or soybean pod borer. It belongs to the family Pyralidae and is a significant pest affecting various leguminous crops such as edamame, kidney beans, lentils, green beans, peas, and broad beans. This pest causes substantial damage to both the leaves and pods of these plants.
**Damage Symptoms:**
The larvae are the primary cause of damage. They feed on the leaves, flowers, and developing pods of the host plants. As they grow, they bore into the pods and consume the seeds inside. Their feeding activity results in the presence of fecal matter within the pods and visible entry holes. Infested pods often become bitter and unpalatable. In severe infestations, the damage rate can exceed 70%, leading to significant yield losses.
**Morphological Features:**
- **Adults:** The adult moths measure about 13 mm in length. The forewings have two white, transparent patches in the center, while the hind wings are white and translucent with dark brown wavy patterns.
- **Eggs:** Oval and flat, measuring approximately 0.6 × 0.4 mm, light green in color, and featuring a hexagonal reticular surface.
- **Larvae:** The final instar larvae reach about 18 mm in length, with a yellow-green body. The head and pronotum are brown. On the thoracic plates, there are six dark brown hairs—four at the front with two bristles each, and two at the back with one bristle each. The abdominal segments also have six similar hairs, but each has only one bristle.
- **Pupae:** The pupae are yellow-brown, about 13 mm long, with a prominent head and red-brown compound eyes. Before emerging, adults show transparent spots on their forewings through the brown wing buds.
**Life Cycle and Habits:**
In North China, the bean pod borer completes 3–4 generations per year, while in South China, it can have up to 7 generations. The species overwinters in the soil, often in association with earthworms. Larval development occurs from June to October. Adults are attracted to light and lay eggs on tender shoots, buds, and stems. The egg stage lasts 2–3 days, followed by five larval instars. Newly hatched larvae feed on buds and flowers, causing bud drop. After the third instar, they enter the pods, consuming 2–3 seeds per larva. Heavy rainfall can lead to larval rotting. These pests are also commonly found on Zizania and other grasses. The larval stage lasts 8–10 days, after which they move to the edges of leaves to spin cocoons. Pupation takes 4–10 days. The bean pod borer thrives in temperatures between 7°C and 31°C, with optimal development at 28°C and relative humidity of 80–85%.
**Control Methods:**
1. **Cultural Control:** Regularly remove fallen flowers, leaves, and damaged pods to reduce the insect population.
2. **Chemical Control:** Apply insecticides during the early larval stages, before they enter the pods. Targeted sprays include:
- 90% trichlorfon diluted 1000 times
- 20% triazophos diluted 700 times
- 2.5% deltamethrin diluted 3000 times
- 10% cypermethrin diluted 1000 times
- 10% imidacloprid WP diluted 1000–1500 times
Spray once every 10 days starting from the bud stage to effectively control infestations. If other pests are present, adjust the spray accordingly for broader coverage. Always follow safety guidelines when applying chemicals.
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