(1) Although the water-resistant garlic leaves have strong drought resistance, the roots are buried in shallow soil and the absorption capacity is weak. Therefore, garlic requires high soil moisture, and different growth periods have different requirements for soil moisture. After sowing, maintain high soil moisture, such as excessive drought, should be watered ahead of time, in order to achieve adequate planting. Before winter, generally no irrigation, rooting seedlings. After returning green manure the following year, it is necessary to irrigate the head of water. This is the key to increasing the yield of garlic sprouts and garlic. During the seedling stage, the soil is kept dry and wet, which can promote the development of the root system. After the seedling stage, the requirement for soil moisture is gradually increased. During the convulsive period and the expansion of the bulb, the requirement for soil moisture reaches a peak, and it is this principle that the farmland “has to eat garlic and mix in the mudâ€. In the late stage of bulb development, the need for water is rapidly reduced. Watering should be controlled to promote the maturation of the phosphorus stems and improve the storability of the garlic.
(2) Principles of fertilization According to the growth and development of garlic and the characteristics of need fertilizer and fertilizer absorption, garlic fertilizer should adhere to the principle of “organic fertilizer, fertilizer supplement; basal fertilizer, supplement fertilizer; supplement of coarse fertilizer, chemical fertilizer applicationâ€. Principles of fertilization in order to maximize the satisfaction of the nutrient requirements of garlic during growth and development. Garlic fertilization is generally divided into two categories: basic fertilizer and top dressing.
1 basal fat. Basal fertilizers are mainly organic fertilizers. Organic fertilizer usually refers to ring fertilizer, chicken manure, duck dung, manure, compost, cake fat and so on. Whether the application amount of basal fertilizer is sufficient is directly related to the commercial nature of the garlic and garlic head and the overwintering performance of the plant, so the base fertilizer should be applied in production.
The application amount of basal fertilizer should be determined based on various factors such as the target yield of garlic and the amount of fertilizer required per unit area. It is required to apply 2500-3000 kg of pig manure or 4,500-5000 kg of manure. Conditions can be applied to 50-100 kg of cakes, such as cottonseed cakes. Can also be used for green manure and other green manure, fresh grass tanning, etc. for the base fertilizer application. Chemical fertilizers that are used in combination with organic fertilizers as the base fertilizer are usually superphosphate, nitrogen-phosphorus compound fertilizer, nitrogen-potassium compound fertilizer or ternary compound fertilizer. Apply about 75 kg of standard nitrogen fertilizer per 667 square meters. Nitrogen fertilizer should have 2/3 of basal fertilizer and 1/3 of top fertilizer. Most of the phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are used as base fertilizers. Phosphate fertilizer using about 30 kg of superphosphate. When phosphate fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, both superphosphate and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer must be mixed with organic fertilizer and ploughed into the tillage layer. The amount of potash applied is generally about 30 kg of potassium sulfate per 667 square meters.
The application method of basal fertilizer is generally to apply half of the organic fertilizer to the arable land, spread it evenly on the surface of the soil, combine the arable land, and turn the fertilizer into the ground; the other half, when sowing, concentrates on furrows and makes the fertilizer, Mix the soil and then sow. If ammonium bicarbonate or organic fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer, it should be buried in a trench, or be applied with water, and the soil and fertilizer should be mixed evenly after application. Phosphate fertilizer is best applied shallow, concentrated or layered. One part can be applied before arable land, and the other part is applied when cultivating garlic after planting, or shallowly applying 6-10 cm below ground after soil preparation for seedling absorption and utilization, cultivating strong seedlings, and increasing the utilization rate of phosphorus fertilizer in the season. Potash fertilizer can be used as farmland, and it can be turned into the ground when it is used with farmland.
2 top dressing. From the seedling stage of garlic to the various growth stages before the bulbs are harvested, fertilizers are applied in stages according to their growth and development, and the characteristics of fertilizer requirement and fertilizer absorption are top dressings.
The topdressing of garlic is generally based on nitrogen fertilizer. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizer and various elements should be used in conjunction with the application, which is conducive to the normal growth and development of garlic, and is conducive to promoting the absorption and utilization of nutrients and enhancing quality. Nitrogen fertilizer has a significant effect on garlic production. When topdressing nitrogenous fertilizers, attention should be paid to possible adverse effects. According to another experiment, the effects of topdressing with nitrogen fertilizers are closely related to the size of the garlic and garlic cloves. The smaller the garlic cloves, the greater the increase in nitrogen production. Therefore, when using small garlic as a kind of garlic, the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be appropriately increased.
The topdressing of phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer can increase the balanced absorption and utilization of nitrogen fertilizer, promote the growth and development of garlic, and increase the yield of garlic sprouts and garlic bulbs. In the late stage of garlic, not only topdressing nitrogen fertilizer but also topdressing phosphorus and potash fertilizers should be applied. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be applied in a ratio of 2:1:1 or compound fertilizer should be applied. This will prevent premature aging of garlic leaves, promote leaf nutrient transport to the bulbs, and significantly increase the yield of garlic sprouts and garlic.
The top-dressing period can generally be divided into top-dressing before winter, top-dressing during returning to the green period, top-dressing top-dressing during the period of growing garlic, and top-dressing during the growing period of garlic.
Before wintering, topdressing: topdressing before winter is mainly to promote the normal germination and emergence of garlic, and cultivate strong seedlings. The appearance of the pre-winter strong seedlings is: There are 5 leaves, plant height 25 cm, fresh weight of each plant is about 10g, the root system is even, about 30. After the autumn sowing, the garlic can be seeded in 7-9 days. In order to improve the safe wintering performance of garlic, the top-dressing seedling fertilizer can be applied. The priming fertilizer usually accounts for about 25% of the total fertilizer. Prone to the growth of outer cross-type varieties, diarrhea phytochemical fertilizer should be less or not applied. When garlic enters the wintering season, it can be used as a wintering fertilizer, that is, wax. The wax fertilizer is often used for composting, mixed fertilizer or horse dung to thicken the overwintering protective layer of the root system to improve the overwintering performance of the seedlings and ensure safe wintering. At the same time, it is also conducive to return to green and grow faster the following year.
Return to the green fertilizer: When the average temperature in the spring reaches 7 degrees Celsius, the garlic seedlings begin to turn green and grow. In this case, the cover must be removed in time, and the seedlings must be sown for 2-3 days. Before the equinox development, they should be returned to green manure. Generally, 1,000-1,500 kilograms of organic fertilizer is applied per 667 square meters, or 10-15 kilograms of standard nitrogen fertilizer. For those who have already applied priming and wintering fertilizers, they may not be top-dressing in the returning green period, or they may delay the return of green-fertilizer until they are combined with the sowing of fertilizers.
Garlic pods during the elongation of fertilizer: Garlic pods during the elongation of top dressing refers to the differentiation from the garlic, to raise the wolfberry before the top dressing. This period of time is the period between the growth of garlic sprouts and garlic. In Shandong, it is generally the end of March and early April, that is, before the Qingming, garlic enters the period of differentiation of garlic sprouts and garlic cloves, and on May 20, it enters the convulsions period before and after the small full. During this period, the elongation of garlic sprouts overlapped with the early growth of garlic, and it was in a period of vigorous growth. At this time, all the leaves have grown, the growth rate of the above-ground parts of the plant reaches a maximum, and the yield of the underground garlic head has formed close to 50%. The roots actively expand horizontally, and the growth and absorption gradually reach the peak, so the top-dressing amount should account for the total top dressing. About 40% of the volume. To increase the use of compound fertilizers and potash fertilizers to promote garlic convulsions and the expansion of garlic.
Garlic growth during top dressing: garlic sprouts before harvest, the growth of garlic is to increase the volume of the main garlic, garlic sprouts after harvest, the growth of garlic is weight gain, the average daily weight gain of about 1g, increasing diameter of 0.06 cm. In the growth period of garlic should be mainly available nitrogen fertilizer, with the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. The topdressing amount should account for 25% - 30% of the total top dressing.
The method of top dressing is generally applied in the form of water, or applied with water. In the application of earth fertilizer, the ditching may be carried out in a straight line to spread into strips. When applying chemical fertilizers, it is generally adopted by ditching or hole application, covering the soil, watering, or pouring with water, or spraying with rain. . Attention should be paid to the strengthening of the tillage and weed control to keep the soil loose and lyrical, so as to accelerate the absorption and utilization of nutrients by the root system.
3 foliar fertilizer. Foliar fertilization can make nutrients enter the plant body from the leaves, directly involved in the plant's metabolic process and organic synthesis process, its effect is faster than the soil fertilization reaction, is an economic and reasonable fertilizer technology. Studies have shown that after applying garlic to garlic, the activity of enzymes in the roots, stems and leaves of garlic can be increased by 15% to 31%, and the yield increases by 12% to 14%. The foliar spray of garlic is used to dilute it with fresh water. Every time 667 square meters of raw liquid is about 125-150g, add 50L of water. The spraying period can be sprayed once in the garlic growing period (March), garlic sprouts differentiation period, bulb growth period, garlic sprouts harvested 2-3 days after the harvest. When spraying, the leaves must be sprayed on the front and back. It is best to spray after 4 pm. The weather should be fine when spraying. If after spraying, if it rains within 24 hours, re-spray.
Garlic should be combined with water fertilization, timely cultivator, planing rib (grass stem) weeding. After the seedlings emerged, weeding and weeding were carried out in the second and third leaf stages. 4-5 leaves when the squat about 15 cm, the next year after the return of green shallow squat, every 4 rows of garlic planed repair stalk together in order to top dressing, irrigation.