Ginger is a perennial rooted plant in China. It is cultivated as an annual crop in China, and is native to tropical regions such as China and Southeast Asia. It is now widely cultivated in the subtropical and tropical regions of the world and cultivated in Asia and Africa. The cultivation history of ginger in China is very long. In the Western Han Dynasty, ginger had become an important economic crop, but it was cultivated in the southern region. In the late Ming Dynasty, ginger cultivation began in the north. In the Qing Dynasty, ginger was widely grown in northern China. At present, except for the cold regions such as the northeast and northwest, China has planted all over the country. The southern part is generally cultivated in Guangdong and Zhejiang, and the northern part is Shandong as the main producing area. Since the reform and opening up, along with the rapid development of the processing and exporting of vegetables, the area of ​​ginger cultivation in our province has been continuously expanding, and one of the important vegetable varieties for the creation of ginger is Laiwu, Anqiu, and Laizhou and Longkou in Yantai. The production bases and processing and export bases are well-known domestically and abroad for their quality, quality, and thickness. Many peasant friends have achieved their goal of poverty alleviation through the production of ginger. Next, I will discuss with you the issues of ginger characteristics and cultivation techniques. 1. Characteristics of Ginger Compared with most vegetable crops, ginger has many special features in terms of nutritional value and reproductive characteristics. (1) Ginger is rich in nutrients and widely used. Ginger edible organs are underground fleshy roots. It was determined that each 100 g of ginger contained crude protein 7.9 to 10 g, fat 0.7 g, cellulose 3.8 to 5.9 g, starch 4.2 to 8.9 g, soluble sugar 2.6 to 8 g, vitamin C 9.81 to 16.74 mg, volatile oil 0.19 to 0.25 ml , also contains calcium, magnesium, iron and other minerals and a small amount of riboflavin, etc., can be seen, ginger nutrition is more abundant, in addition to containing most of the nutrients of ordinary vegetables, but also contains a special, spicy rich volatile oil And gingerol is an important condiment in people's daily life. It is a must-have item for cooking. It has the functions of removing phlegm, removing phlegm, and removing odor. It can be eaten raw, fried, or processed into a variety of foods. Ginger scent is warm and can be used medicinally. It has the effects of detoxification, cold-dispelling, warming the stomach, antiemetic, cough relieving, and antidiarrheal. It has been used as an oriental medicine since ancient times in China and it is a commonly used component of traditional Chinese medicine in China. In recent years, ginger has been found to dilute blood and is a mild anticoagulant. It can be seen that ginger is a multi-purpose vegetable that combines seasonings, processed food ingredients, and medicinal vegetables. This is the reason why it can become a promising export-oriented vegetable. (b) Longer growth cycle. In general, it takes more than 200 days for the ginger to sow from the germination to harvest, which is longer than the average vegetable growth period. The growth process of ginger has obvious stages, which can be divided into four stages: germination stage, seedling stage, vigorous growth stage and rhizome dormancy stage. Germination period: From the germination of young ginger buds to the first ginger leaves, it takes 40 to 50 days for germination. The growth of this period is very small and mainly depends on the growth and germination of ginger. Seedling stage: From leafing to having 2 larger lateral branches, it is a seedling period, which is what the masses call the “three-stranded cricket†period, which takes 65 to 75 days. In this period, the growth of the main stem and the root system was dominant during this period. The growth was not large and the growth was slow. This period is the period for vigorous growth. Strong growth period: From the “three strands of wolfberry†to the vigorous growth period of harvesting stems, leaves and rhizomes, it is also the main period for the formation of product organs and takes 70-75 days. The early growth period is dominated by the growth of stems and leaves, and the latter is dominated by the growth and enrichment of rhizomes. Rhizome Dormant Period: Ginger is not tolerant to cold and does not tolerate frost. When the first frost arrives, the stems and leaves will suffer from frost and die, and the rhizome will be forced to sleep. After storage during harvest, ginger is best kept at 10 to 15°C and relative humidity of 90% to 95% to reduce its physiological activity, reduce nutrient consumption, and prevent freezing and ginger from losing water and shrinking. (III) The requirements for environmental conditions for growth and development are relatively strict. Temperature: Ginger originated in the tropics, the result of phylogeny, making it a thermophilic plant, not tolerant to cold and not resistant to frost. Ginger germinates above 16°C, but germination is very slow. The growth rate of young shoots is appropriate at 22-28°C. In the vigorous growing period of rootstock, in order to accumulate large amounts of nutrients, it is required to maintain a certain temperature difference during the day and at night. It is appropriate to use 25°C during the day and 17°C-18°C during the night. Stop growing at 15°C or less, and the stems and leaves in the frost will die. Illumination: Ginger is a shade-tolerant crop that is not resistant to light. Leaves are easy to wilt under strong light. The compensation point for light is 500LX and the light saturation point is 30000LX, which is far lower than other thermophilic vegetables. Light intensity exceeds 35000LX and photosynthesis gradually decreases. The seedling stage grows well in shade, so shading is used in many areas during the seedling stage. Ginger can form rhizomes under both long and short days, but under natural conditions, rhizome yield is the highest. Moisture: Ginger is a shallow root crop with undeveloped root system. The root group is mainly distributed in the soil layer with a radius of 40cm and a depth of 30cm. It can not fully utilize the deep layer of soil moisture, the absorption force is weak, and the protection organization of the blade is not developed. Evaporation is quick and therefore, it is not drought tolerant. The amount of water needed at the seedling stage is not large, but the amount of water required for the vigorous growth period increases, and the soil should be kept moist. Soil: Ginger is suitable for growing in soils with deep soil, loose and fertile soil, rich organic matter, good ventilation, and convenient drainage and irrigation. The soil PH value of 5 ~ 7 is appropriate. For pollution-free ginger production, land plots with no occurrence of ginger borer for 3 to 4 years should be selected. The soil, water quality, atmosphere and other environments should be free of pollution. Environmental quality conditions should meet the requirements of GB/T 18407.1-2001. Second, ginger cultivation techniques points (a) selection of fine varieties According to plant morphology and growth habits, ginger can be divided into two types of sparse seedlings and close seedlings. Thin seedling type: tall plants, stout stems, dark green leaves, few rhizomes and thin roots, ginger block hypertrophy, multiple monolayer arrangement, are currently the leading varieties of exports, such as Laiwu ginger, Laizhou ginger and other varieties; Type: Medium growth, multiple branches, green leaves, many rhizomes and dense roots, ginger, most, double or multi-layer arrangement, such as Laiwu slice ginger, Zhejiang red claw ginger and so on. The production should be based on the local actual and market demand, selection of disease-resistant, high-quality, high-yield, strong resistance, good merchandise, marketable varieties. (b) Reasonably arrange the cultivation season for ginger production in northern China, generally sowing in spring and harvesting before frost. Because Jiang Xi is warm, cold and frost-resistant, it must be cultivated in a warm, frost-free season. Determine the sowing time of ginger should consider the following conditions: (1) according to the temperature required for germination should be sown at 10cm when the ground temperature is stable above 16 °C; (2) According to the growth habits of ginger, to obtain higher yields, 135 to 150 days are needed for the growth of ginger; (3) The rhizome growth period should be arranged in the most suitable climate, especially when the rhizome grows vigorously, and the optimum temperature for a certain number of days is required. According to the weather conditions in Yantai, ginger is usually planted in mid- and late April. Sowing is too early, the ground temperature is low, and the germination is slow. When sowing is late, the growth period is shortened and the yield is reduced. Yantai belongs to the coastal area, and it often appears in spring that the “cold spring†phenomenon occurs. During the process of continuous temperature rise, sudden cooling weather occurs suddenly, so that the newly planted ginger is frozen, affecting seedling emergence and yield. Therefore, to listen to the weather forecast in time, before the cold weather arrives, cover the film in the field or sprinkle a layer of broken grass in the seeding ditch to raise the temperature, keep warm, and prevent cold. (c) It is preferable to grow ginger and cultivate strong buds. In the previous year, ginger should be selected from plots that are robust, disease-free, and productive. After the harvest, select the ginger, which is full of fat, full of buds, uniform heads, bright colors, no pests, no rot, no damage, and no frost. Ginger should be primed before sowing. Sprouts are the basis for seedling growth and nurturing strong shoots is the basis for achieving high yields. The morphological features of the buds are stout shoots and dull tops; the morphological features of the weak shoots are thin shoots with fine tips. The process of nurturing buds is: 1. Ginger ginger: about 1 month before sowing, remove the ginger seeds, wash the soil with clean water, choose a sunny day, and spread the ginger seeds on the outdoor floor for 1 to 2 days, and close at night. Into the indoor frost. Through drying seeds, the temperature of the ginger block can be increased, the dormancy can be broken, the germination can be promoted, and the moisture in the ginger block can be reduced to prevent rot. After drying for 1 to 2 days, the ginger block is placed in the room for 3 to 4 days. The ginger pile is covered with grass lotus, and the ginger is trapped to promote decomposition of nutrients in the ginger. After 2 to 3 repeated ginger ginger traps, they can germinate. Ginger is susceptible to diseases such as ginger borer and anthracnose. Therefore, in the process of Ginger Steller Ginger, ginger seeds that are dry, thin, soft and brownish should be eliminated. 2, germination: there are many ways to germinate, such as fire bud precipitating, greenhouse pregermination and so on. The bandworm germination: It is to use the rural soil to carry out the germination, first spread a layer of wheat straw on the pot, about 10cm thick, wheat stalks and then spread 2 to 3 layers of paper, the ginger seeds laid flat on the paper, stacked Thickness 60 to 80cm. After the ginger is well-arranged, allow it to dissipate heat, and then lay a layer of grass with a thickness of 10cm. The uppermost layer is covered with a quilt to keep warm. The germination temperature can be adjusted by heating the soil or uncovering the covering. Greenhouse germination: first lay 3 to 5 layers of paper around the basket, place the ginger seeds one by one in the basket, stack 3 to 4 layers, and then cover 3 to 4 layers of paper. Put it in the greenhouse and maintain proper temperature and germination. Whichever germination method is used, the temperature should be between 22 and 25°C. The temperature exceeds 28°C. Although the germination is rapid, the buds are thin and prolonged. The temperature is lower than 20°C. Although the buds are thick, they take a long time to germinate and affect the sowing. Generally when ginger buds grow to 0.5cm～1cm, they can be graded according to ginger bud size and sowed in batches. (D) Site Preparation Fertilizer Ginger is supplied with nutrients by germinating ginger at a germination stage. The growth is slow at the seedling stage, requires less fertilizer, and needs a lot of nutrients after the “three strands of earthwormsâ€, accounting for about 88% of the total absorption during the whole growing period. The demand for fertilizer in the whole growth period was the most with potassium, followed by nitrogen fertilizer, and less phosphorus fertilizer. The absorption ratio of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K2O) was 1:0.5:2. Under medium fertility conditions, to produce 1,000 kg of ginger product, it is necessary to absorb 5.76 kg of nitrogen (N), 2.54 kg of phosphorus (P2O5), and 11.47 kg of potassium (K2O). Fertilization should be based on the law of ginger fertilizer, total soil nutrients and fertilizer effects, in accordance with the principles of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer, combined with base fertilizer and top dressing, the implementation of balanced fertilization. Ginger has a weak root system, a shallow distribution, and a long growth period. It must be used as a base fertilizer. It is best to deepen the weathered soil before the winter, and the spring will be very smooth. In combination with the ground, generally, 3000 kg of organic fertilizer and 30 kg of superphosphate are used per mu, or 5,000 kg of organic fertilizer and 150 kg of grass ash are used as the basic facilities. After the basal fertiliser is applied into the ground, it can be made flat and can be planted on the ditch. Sewage sowing is adopted. The groove distance is 50-55cm, the groove width is 25cm, and the groove depth is 10-12cm. (five) sowing should be selected sunny and warm weather sowing. 1. Zingiber species: before sowing, the ginger block that has been promoted with buds is smashed into 75-100g saplings, and one obese sprout is kept on each species block. In combination with Zingiber species, a further selection of buds should be carried out to remove ginger roots that have blackened bases or browned ginger sections. 2, pouring water: ginger sprouting is very slow, soil water shortage will affect the emergence of seedlings, it must be poured foot water, generally no longer watering before emergence. 3. Discharge ginger: The ginger seeds can be discharged after the bottom water seeps. There are two kinds of flatcasting and verticalcasting. When sowing, the seed is horizontally placed in the ditch so that the direction of the shoots is the same; when the sowing is in progress, the seed buds are sown upwards. 4, cover soil: With the sowing, with the use of fine soil cover in the ginger buds and ginger seed, after sowing cover soil 4cm ~ 5cm thick. The soil is too thick, the ground temperature is low, and the germination is slow; if the soil is too thin, the topsoil is easy to dry and affect the emergence. 5. Seeding capacity: The amount per mu is 400kg to 500kg. The bigger the ginger, the earlier the emergence, the stronger the seedlings and the higher the yield. Therefore, the seed block should be as large as possible. 6, sowing density: Generally about 5500 seedlings per mu. (6) Field management 1. Weeding and weeding: Ginger is a shallow root crop, and the root system is mainly distributed on the surface of the soil. Therefore, it is not appropriate to cultivate many times in order to avoid root damage. Generally after the emergence of combined watering, cultivating 1 to 2 times, and promptly remove weeds. After entering the vigorous growth period, the plants are gradually ridged and the amount of weeds is reduced. Weeding can be done by manual extraction. Non-pollution ginger production, it is best not to use herbicides to control weeds, black mulch can be covered, or covered with a white mulch covered with a thin layer of soil and other methods to control weeds. 2. Watering: Ginger is not tolerant to drought and its roots are shallow. It should be properly watered to ensure normal plant growth. Generally not watered before emergence. Although there is not much water needed during the seedling period, the roots have weak absorption capacity, and should be poured with water in small quantities and plowed after being poured. Watering in summer can reduce the temperature of the ground. It is better to water in the morning and evening. Excessive water in the field should be drained in time. After the beginning of autumn, ginger enters a vigorous growth period, the water requirement increases, and sufficient water supply should be ensured to maintain the relative humidity of the soil from 75% to 80%. The last water is poured 3 days before harvest so that the ginger can be moistened with moisture when harvested, which is beneficial for storage. 3, top dressing and earth: ginger extremely resistant to fertilizer, in addition to full-base fertilizer, should be top dressing. Seedling stage to promote the growth of seedlings and robust, should be chasing a "strong seedling fertilizer" per acre with water flushing manure excreted 1000kg, or urea 10kg. Before and after the beginning of autumn, Jiang Miao is in the stage of “three shares†and is the turning point for growth. It is also a turning point for changes in the amount of fertilizers. It should be followed by “turning fertilizersâ€, which can be used to produce 1,000 kg of organic fertilizer per acre. Compound fertilizer 15-20kg. Before and after the beginning of September, the rhizomes of ginger entered a vigorous growth period. In order to promote the enlargement of ginger block and prevent premature senescence, it was necessary to chase a "supplemented fertilizer" and apply 30 kg of compound fertilizer per acre. Ginger roots grow in the soil and require dark, moist soils. Usually after the beginning of autumn combined with weeding and fertilization, soil 2 or 3 times, gradually turning the sowing ditch into a ridge, to prevent the root stem from exposing the surface. (vii) Harvesting ginger is not tolerant to cold and is usually harvested before the arrival of frost in early and late October. After the harvest, stems from the stalk are cut off from the stem (with 2cm to 3cm stems remaining) without drying. (8) Diseases and Insect Pests Diseases that often occur in the production of ginger and cause heavy production losses include ginger aphid, leaf blight, spotted anthrax, and anthracnose. The pests are mainly ginger aphid. 1. Ginger disease, also known as rot disease or bacterial wilt, is a devastating disease that occurs most commonly in ginger production and is widespread in all regions. The incidence of land mass generally reduced by 10% to 20%, and severe cases reduced by more than 50%, or even out of production. The disease is a bacterial disease that mainly damages underground stems or roots. Infected with underground stems usually close to the ground. Damaged fleshy stems, water stains, yellow-brown, dull, after the internal tissue gradually decay, leaving only the skin, squeeze the disease can be discharged from dirty white, rice-like, foul smell of juice. Root disease, watery stains early, after the brown, and eventually rot. The above-ground stems were dark brown in color, with internal tissue rot and leaving only fibers. The leaves were withered and the leaves were yellowish with curly edges until the whole plant fell. The prevention and control measures are: (1) Agricultural measures: seedlings or ginger seedlings are selected from disease-free fields; pathogens from ginger seedlings can survive in soil for more than two years; crop rotation is an important approach to cut off soil-borne diseases; Plots of ginger can be grown at intervals of 2 to 3 years or more, and the former should be the best for new crops or food crops or onions. However, it is not suitable to plant ginger in tomato plants such as tomato, eggplant, pepper and potato, especially in plots where bacterial wilt has occurred in the former. (2) Sterilization of ginger: Soaking with 72% of streptomycin soluble powder for 4000 times or neomycin with 4000 to 5000 times for soaking for 48 hours. (3) Chemical control: After emergence of the central disease strain, the roots were irrigated with 72% streptomycin soluble powder 4000 times, or 47% Garnett soluble powder 750 times or 50% dexsenimum 1000 times. Medication 250ml, every 10 to 15 days once, for 3 to 4 times. 2. Leaf blight Ginger leaf blight is a fungal disease. It mainly damages the leaves. On the diseased leaves, a yellowish-brown spot emerges on the leaves and gradually spreads to the entire leaf. The diseased part gives rise to small black spots. In severe cases, the whole leaves turn brown and die. The prevention and control methods are: (1) Agricultural measures: More than 3 years of rotation with Gramineae or non-solanum crops; apply fully mature organic fertilizer. (2) Chemical control: At the beginning of the disease, 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 600 times solution or 1:1:200 Bole polyhydric sprayed ginger strain is used at the beginning of the disease, which takes place every 7 to 10 days for 2 to 3 consecutive times. 3, spotted ginger Spot blight is a fungal disease, mainly damage the leaves, yellow and white spots, prismatic or oblong, length 2 ~ 5mm, thin central spot, easy to break or perforation. In severe cases, the lesions are dense, and the entire leaf resembles a few stars. It is also known as Baixing disease. The prevention and control methods are: (1) Agricultural measures: Avoid continuous cropping and partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, pay attention to the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and decomposed organic fertilizers. (2) Chemical control: Spray 50% compound thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 1000 times or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 600 times in the early stage of disease, and separate it once every 7-10 days for 2 or 3 consecutive times. 4. Anthracnose Anthracnose of ginger is also a fungal disease. It damages the leaves. The lesions appear from the tips of the leaves or leaves first, and the brownish jade spots begin to stain. Afterwards, the elliptical or prismatic shape is extended downwards and inwards. Indefinite brown spots, obvious or indistinct moiré. Several lesions were combined to synthesize plaques and the leaves became brown and dry. Spots appear as black spots when wet. Prevention methods are: (1) Agricultural measures: Avoid continuous cropping and partial nitrogenous fertilizer, pay attention to increasing phosphorus and potash fertilizers, and composting organic fertilizers. When collecting ginger, completely remove the sick. (2) Chemical control: In the initial stage of disease, spray 50% compound thiophanate-methyl WP wettable powder 1000 times, or 80% anthrax omeprazole wettable powder 800 times liquid once every 10 to 15 days for 2 to 3 consecutive times. 5. Jiangyan Jiangyan (corn borer), also known as borers, is very miscellaneous. It damages shoots mainly by larvae and can also damage plants. Pharmaceutical control methods are: 52.25% can be used farmland emulsifiable concentrate, or 4.5% beta-cypermethrin EC 1500 ~ 2000 times, or 10% Uranus EC 1000 times spray, once in 10 days, 2 or 3 times in a row. China Agricultural Network Editor
Kneading Massage Pillow
Kneading Massage Pillow,Electric Kneading Massage Pillow,Heart Shaped Kneading Massage Pillow,Neck Kneading Massage Pillow
Shenzhen Dongjilian Electronics Co., Ltd. ,